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Extracellular signaling
Extracellular signaling Kumar
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Medical
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09/27/2011

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Term
what are the 3 classes of hormones?
Definition
protein, amine, steroid
Term
a type of hormone that binds to the plasma membrane receptor, and its effects are the most rapid. Examples oxytocin and adrenocorticotrophin.
Definition
protein Hormones
Term
a type of hormone that bind to the plasma membrane receptors and has a fast receptor response. examples are epinephrine, norepineprine, and melatonin
Definition
amine hormones
Term
a type of hormone that binds to the intercellular receptors. Slow mechanism of action compared to protein hormones. Examples: gonadal hormones, adrenal hormones, thyroid
Definition
Steroid
Term
Name some endocrine organ:
Definition
pineal, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal gland, stomach
Term
hormones whose second messanger is cGMP
Definition
atrial natriuretic factor and NO
Term
examples of hormaones whose second messenger is Ca or IP3
Definition
angiotensin II, insulin and oxytocin
Term
examples of hormones that bind to cell surface receptors and have cAMP as the second messenger?
Definition
ADH, calcotonin, PTH, and the stimulating hormones
Term
during downregulation how are receptors removed from the cell diminishing its response
Definition
through endocytosis, lysosomes, and protein degradation
Term
a way to prevent dowregulation of receptor
Definition
pulsatile secretion
Term
what organ inactivates ghormones and makes them more water soluble promoting renal excretion
Definition
the liver
Term
examples of hormones that bind to intracellular receptors
Definition
androgens, thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), retinoic acid
Term
a structure in the brain that sythesizes and releases hypophysiotropic hormones (blank releasing hormones and prolactin inhibiting hormone)
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
An organ in the brain that secretes tropic hormones in a pulsatile fashion and are delivered via the hypothalmic-hypophyseal portal system
Definition
anterior pituitary AKA adenohypophysis
Term
What are the 2 types of thyroid hormones
Definition
T4(mostly) and T3
Term
growth and matuaration of tissues, cel metabolism, heat production, and oxygen consumption are affects of this hormone
Definition
thyroid hormones
Term
a gland that produces PTH which regulates serum Ca and is an antagonist to calcitonin
Definition
parathyroid gland
Term
the limiting part of thyroid hormone sythesis and must be extracted from the blood.
Definition
iodine
Term
in the thyroid gland monoiodotyrosine MIT is used to to produce
Definition
T3
Term
in the thryoid gland diiodotyrosine is used to produce
Definition
T4
Term
Which of the thyroid hormones is most active
Definition
T3
Term
What binds to the hormone activating receptor on the thyroid response element that alters the rate of gene transcription and mRNA levels
Definition
t3
Term
the steps of thyroid hormone secretion
Definition
1. signal from the body ( low [T3 or T4 or low body temp] reaches the hypothalamus
2. the hypothalamus releases TRH to the anterior lobe of the pituitary
3. the anterior lobe of the pitiatary gland releases TSH
4. TSH causes the release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland
Term
a disorder caused by too little throxin and has symptoms of depression and attention and memory problems
Definition
hypothyroidism
Term
a disorder associated with too much thyroxin and causes agitation, irritability and wieght loss and possibly goiters (growths on the thyroid gland)
Definition
hyperthyroidism
Term
the lack of what hormone causes Ca levels to drop and can result in tetany in skeletal muscles
Definition
parathyroid hormone
Term
a chemical released by the thyroid gland that lowers the level of Ca by decreasing the amount of Ca released from bone and decreasing Ca reabsorption from the kidney
Definition
calcitonin
Term
what organ is both an endocrine and exocrine gland
Definition
pancreas
Term
what is produced by the alpha and beta cells of the pancreas
Definition
alpha-glucogon
beta-insulin
Term
in the blood there are equal levels of insulin and what other precursor molocule
Definition
C-peptide
Term
a hormone secreted by the endocrine pancrease that regulates alpha and beta cell secretion
Definition
somatostatin
Term
an hormone secreeted by the pancreas that is secreted during times of decreased blood glucose and stimulatesglycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis
Definition
glucogon
Term
the part of the insulin receptor that binds to insulin
Definition
alpha subunit
Term
the part of the insulin receptor that binds to ATP and tyrosine kinase
Definition
the beta subunit
Term
WHat activates MAP kinase
Definition
Ras
Term
What plays and important role in blood pressre and has pathophysiologic roles in hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, heart attack and atherosclerosis
Definition
RAS
Term
a protoelytic enzyme that is fromed and stored in the kidneys and is the primary regulator of the formation and maintenence of angiotensin II in the blood
Definition
renin
Term
a compound that causes the formation of angiotensin II and decrease the degradation of bradykinin. A build-up of bradykinin occurs, resulting in adverse effects (cough, angioedema) and cardiovascular benefits (vasodilation).
Definition
ACE inhibitiors
Term
a hormone that is made of 1-2 amino acids that is derived from tyrosine cnn have intracellular or surface receptors
examples thyroid hormone and catecholamines
Definition
amine hormone
Term
the galnd that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine when stimulated by acteylcholine
Definition
adrenal gland
Term
is a chemical that is released by neurons that act at a specific distant site or sites
Definition
neurohormone
Term
a compound that binds to receptors on neurons that either stimulate or inhibit the action potential. Examples are acetylcholine, GABA or dopamine
Definition
neurotransmitter
Term
what is the difference in between the way a neurohormone or neurotransmitter acts
Definition
it all depends on the action
Term
chemicals that can be a neurohormone or a neurotransmitter
Definition
dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
Term
name a drug that is a catecholamine (epinepiphrine and norepinephrine) oxadase inhibitor that cause the levels of the subsances to increase
Definition
tolcapone
Term
dopamine then norepinephrine then epinephrine are made from what
Definition
tyrosine
Term
what enzymes inactivate catecholamines
Definition
MAO and COMT
Term
_____ binds to dopamine receptors directly and ______ causes the release of endorphins that bind to dopamine receptors
Definition
heroin/alcohol
Term
epinephrine does what to glucose concentrations
Definition
increases it
Term
the precursor for serotonin and the pineal hormone melatonin
Definition
tryptophan
Term
an AA that is converted to histamine
Definition
glutamic acid
Term
WHat inhibits the transport of serotonin
Definition
fenfluramine
Term
Hormones produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that target endocrine glands
Definition
tropic hormones
Term
Hormones that directly stimulate target cells to induce effects. Examples: oxytocin, prolactin, melanocyte stimulating hormone
Definition
non-tropic hormones
Term
Genes regulated by steroid hormones possess binding regions in the sequence called
Definition
steroid hormone response elements
Term
is a short DNA sequence for a hormone that acts by binding to a receptor that can act as a transcription factor, that is a binding site for the hormone-receptor complex.
Definition
hormone response element
Term
a type of feedback in which a stimulus causes the inhibiton of the initial stimulus
Definition
negative feedback
Term
a feedback in which the response reinforce the stimulus
Definition
positive feedback
Term
what is the only steroid hormone that is not derived from cholestrol
Definition
retinoic acid
Term
the active hormone is not a classical steroid. binds to a receptor, structurally similar to the steroid receptors, to form a complex that functions as a transcription factor, regulating gene expression.
Definition
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
Term
the 3 biologically active molecules of vitamin A
Definition
retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid.
Term
______is necessary for the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the dermis to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol which is, in turn, converted to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol by the kidneys.
Definition
sunlight
Term
what is the biologically active form of vitamin D
Definition
1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3, also termed calcitriol
Term
a vitamin whose function is to regulate calcium homeostasis
Definition
vitamin D
Term
a drug that block Na channeks in pain neurons
Definition
lignocaine
Term
inhibits the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase (COX) which catalyses a reaction in the biochemical pathway that results in the production of prostaglandins, important mediators in the inflammatory response.
Definition
Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
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