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Explaining Religion Exam 2
Explaining Religion Exam 2
86
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 1
10/10/2011

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Term
For stoicism, the primary experience which causes humans the most anxiety is
Definition
the perception that the world is fundamentally chaotic, with no real reason, structure, or order
Term
For Theravada buddhism, the cause of the fundamental experiential problem for human beings is
Definition
the mistaken belief that the individual human being has a permanent, stable “self” or identity whose needs and desires must be met in order to be happy
Term
Stoicism is a form of
Definition
pantheism
Term
Ying and yang are component parts of which type of conception of the ultimate?
Definition
Complementary dualism
Term
Which of the following indicates the root cause of humanity’s main problems, as understood by stoicism?
Definition
Ignorance about the rational structure underlying the perceived world and a failure to conform one’s thoughts and emotions to that structure
Term
Confucianism is a form of
Definition
complementary dualism
Term
Isis and Osiris belong to which cultural tradition?
Definition
egypt
Term
Pantheism tends to privilege
Definition
immanence
Term
Monotheism tends to privilege
Definition
transcendence
Term
Amaterasu is
Definition
a Japanese Shinto sun goddess
Term
Think often on the swiftness with which things that exist and are coming into existence are swept past us and carried out of sight… all is a river in ceaseless flow… is he not senseless who in such an environmental puffs himself up, or is distracted or frets as over a trouble lasting and far reaching?
Definition
Marcus Aurelius/Stoicism
Term
Men’s nature, indeed, was created at first faultless and without any sin; but that nature of man in which every one is born from Adam, now wants the Physician, because it is not sound. All good qualities, which it still possesses… it has of the Most High God, its Creator and Maker. But the flaw, which darkens and weakens all those natural goods,… it has not contracted from its blameless Creator – but from that original sin, which it committed by free will.
Definition
St. Augustine/Christianity
Term
If you lead the people by means of regulations and keep order among them by means of punishments, they will be without conscience in trying to avoid them. If you lead them by virtue (te) and keep order among them by ritual (li), they will have a conscience and will reform themselves.
Definition
confucius/confucianism
Term
We act very much as if we were on a voyage. What can I do? I can choose out the helmsman, the sailors, the day, the moment. Then a storm arises. What do I care? I have fulfilled my task: another has now to act, the helmsman. Suppose even the ship goes down. What have I to do then? I do only what lies within my power, drowning if I must, without fear, not crying out or accusing heaven, for I know that what is born must needs also perish. For I am not immortal, but a man, a part of the universe as an hour is part of the day. Like the hours I must be here and like an hour pass away. What matters it then to me how I pass… for by some such means I must needs pass away.
Definition
epictetus/stoicism
Term
The quality of being the image of god is co-essential to man because it is one with the rationality of his nature. To be a mind is to be naturally capable of knowing and loving god. To be able to do this is one with the very nature of thinking. It is natural for man to be the image of god as to be a rational animal, that is, as to be man. (But there is also a special supernatural endowment.) The first effect of grace is, therefore, to perfect this resemblance of man to bod by divinizing his soul, his mind and consequently his whole nature. From the moment he has grace, man can love god with a love worthy of god since his love is diving in its origin.
Definition
Thomas Aquinas/Christianity
Term
Most of us are inclined by nature to live a fool’s paradise, to look on the brighter side of life, and to minimize its unpleasant sides. To dwell on suffering runs normally counter to our inclinations. Usually we cover up suffering with all kinds of “emotional curtains.”… This is illustrated by the widespread use of “euphemisms” which is nothing but the avoidance of words that call up disagreeable associations… a man does not “die,” but he “passes away,” “goes to sleep.”
Definition
buddhism
Term
Whence do these rules of decorum arise? From the fact that men are born with desires, and when these desires are not satisfied, men are bound to pursue their satisfaction. When the pursuit is carried on unrestrained and unlimited, there is bound to be contention. With contention comes chaos; with chaos dissolution. The ancient kings disliked this chaos and set the necessary limits by codifying rules of decorum and righteousness… it is through rites that Heaven and earth are harmonious… he who holds to the rites is never confused in the midst of multifarious change; he who deviates therefrom is lost.
Definition
confucianism/hsun tzu
Term
The world is dominated by an evil, tyrannous power of boundless destructiveness – a power moreover which is imagined not as simply human but as demonic. The tyranny of that power will become more and more outrageous, the sufferings of its victims more and more intolerable – until suddenly the hour will strike when the Saints of God are able to rise up and overthrow it. Then the Saints themselves, the chosen, holy people who hitherto have groaned under the oppressor’s heel, shall in their turn inherit dominion over the whole earth. This will be the culmination of history.
Definition
future, this-worldly theodicy
Term
Social ritual transforms the individual event into a typical case, just as it transforms biography into an episode in the history of society. The individual is seen as being born, living and suffering, and eventually dying, as his ancestors have done before him and his children will do after him. As he accepts and inwardly appropriates this view of the matter he transcends his own individuality as well as the uniqueness, including the unique pain and the unique terrors, of his individual experience… he is made capable of suffering “Correctly.”… In consequence, the pain becomes more tolerable, the terror less overwhelming.
Definition
mystical participation
Term
All things work together for the good of those that love the lord
Definition
suffering as a test/condition for soul-making
Term
And the lord said by his servants the prophet, “Because Manassah, king of Judah, has committed these abominations… and has made Judah also to sin with his idols; therefore thus says the Lord, the God of Israel, Behold, I am bringing upon Jerusalem and Judah such evil that the ears of every one who hears of it will tingle.
Definition
suffering as recompense for sin
Term
One evening they collapsed with fatigue. They were four to fall asleep; they were three to rise. The father dug a grave for his wife, and the children recited the kaddish. The next day they were three to lie down; only two woke up. The father dug a grave for his older son and recited the Kaddish… At dawn the father opened his eyes and this is how he addressed god: “Master of the Universe, I know what you want – I understand what you are doing. You want despair to overwhelm me. You want me to cease beliving in you; to cease praying to You, to cease invoking Your name to glorify and sanctify it. Well, I tell you: No, no – a thousand times no! You shall not succeed! In spite of me and in spite of You, I shall shout the Kaddish, which is a song of faith, for You and against You. This song you shall not still, God of Israel.
Definition
theodicy of protest
Term
Surely We (allah) will try you with something of fear and hunger, and diminution of Good and lives and fruits, yet give thou good tidings unto the patient, who, when they are visited by an affliction, say, “Surely we belong to God, and to him we return.”
Definition
Suffering as a test/condition for soul-making (qur'an)
Term
Who is this whose ignorant words cloud my design in darkness? Brace yourself and stand up like a man; I will ask questions, and you shall answer. Where were you when I laid the earth’s foundations? Tell me if you know and understand. Who settled its dimensions? Surely you should know. Who set its cornerstone place, when the morning stars sang together and all the sons of God shouted aloud?... Have you descended to the spring of the sea or walked in the unfathomable deep? Have the gates of death been revealed to you? Come, tell me this, if you know… brace yourself and stand up like a man; I will ask questions and you shall answer. Dare you deny that I am just or put me in the wrong that you may be right?
Definition
theodicy of submission
Term
polytheism
Definition
there are many different gods and no single unifying power or principle (conflict)
Term
dualism
Definition
two principles or beings which order the world. The world may consist of realities distinct from the principles of beings which order
Term
monotheism
Definition
there is a single principle or being which orders the world. The world consists of realities distinct from the
Principle or being that orders.
(multiple realities, single ordering principle)
Term
pantheism
Definition
the world (universe) is god. God is the world, the world is god. (single reality, all things in universe are this one reality)
Term
panentheism
Definition
the world is god, but the world is not all god is. “aspect” of god that is not in the world
Term
religions that privelege immanence
Definition
pantheism more than animism
Term
religions that privelege transcendence
Definition
dualism, monotheism(wants transcendence more than immanence)
Term
animism
Definition
all of reality is alive possessing a soul or spirit, including inanimate things like rock, gases, and liquids
Term
For Theravada Buddhism, the cause for the fundamental experiential problem for human beings is:
Definition
: the mistaken belief that the individual human being has a permanent, stable self or identity whose needs and desires must be met to be happy
Term
the root cause of humanities main problems, as understood by Judaism and Christianity:
Definition
a perverted will
Term
experiential problem
Definition
the problem as experienced
Term
causal problem
Definition
the cause of the experiential problem
Term
experiential problem for stoicism
Definition
inability to control own destiny
Term
causal problem for stoicism
Definition
ignorance of the true nature of the world
Term
stoicism
Definition
know what is in our power to control; dont care about the things you can't control; reason/logos
Term
experiential problem of christianity
Definition
anxiety, dissatisfaction with life
Term
causal problem of christianity
Definition
sin: a perverted will
Term
the experiential problem for theravada buddhism
Definition
unhappiness, sorrow, suffering
Term
causal problem for theravada buddhism
Definition
belief in the "I" and "self"
Term
mother godesses (egypt)
Definition
Isis*, Osiris, Horus(son)
Term
mother goddesses (mesapotamia)
Definition
Ishtar*, Tammuz
Term
mother goddesses: Shakti Cults (India) – the eternal female
Definition
uma (maternal solicitude), parvati (sexual desire and joy), kali (terror and death)
Term
example of complementary dualism
Definition
confucianism (ying: girl; yang: boy)
Term
example of conflictual dualism
Definition
zoaroastrianism (light/dark good/evil spirit/matter) ; Manichaeism
Term
the solution for stoicism
Definition
divine reason, logos, harmony with nature
Term
solution for christianity
Definition
faith in the saving meditation of jesus christ
Term
solution for theravada buddhism
Definition
eliminate desire
Term
dukka
Definition
pain, suffering, anxiety
Term
causal problem of confucianism
Definition
Ignorance of the divine mandate/way of the ancients
Term
experiential problem of confucianism
Definition
Social-political chaos
Term
Theodicy of Mystical Participation
Definition
- The individual perceives herself as part of a larger group; Sacrifice (suffering, pain, etc.) on the part of the individual for the good of the larger group
Term
mysticism
Definition
direct experience/intuition of the sacred/holy/god
Term
dualism theodicy
Definition
- Suffering, pain, and evil are explained as the result of the work of the evil god/principle in the world (zoraostrianism, Manichaeism)
Term
Karma-samsara theodicy
Definition
The type of body/life each soul gets depends upon that soul’s conduct in her previous lives
Term
Monotheistic Theodicies: Suffering as recompense for Sin
Definition
if your suffering its because you deserved it. you sinned.
Term
monotheistic theodicies: Suffering as a test of character or “faith”
Definition
o As a test: suffering is a way for god, the individual, or a community, to test/assess whether or not an individual , or community has the expected (desired, required) character traits
Term
monotheistic theodicies: Suffering as a condition of soul-making
Definition
o The suffering actually helps to make a person a better person. The suffering is necessary for improving the soul.
Term
monotheistic theodicies: theodicy of submission
Definition
the mystery of god’s sovereignty ; one submits to god’s ultimacy and authority. The reason for the suffering is unknown.
Term
monotheistic theodicies: Theodicy of protest
Definition
one refuses to submit, or accept the suffering, one also refuses to stop believing in god;
, one protests against god in the name of god
Term
monotheistic theodicies: free will defense
Definition
Free-will is considered to be valuable enough to make unmerited suffering acceptable; Suffering and evil is a by-product of free will
Term
atman
Definition
soul/inner self
Term
logos
Definition
reason
Term
henotheism
Definition
recognize many god, but worship only one god
Term
deism
Definition
god created the world and allows world to continue according to the laws god originally established
Term
omniscience
Definition
belief that god is all-knowing
Term
omnipotent
Definition
the belief that god is able to do all things
Term
phusis (nature)
Definition
law of growth: evolutionary process is not chaotic, all things are goverened
Term
apatheia
Definition
indifference
Term
All human problems stem from our ignorance about the world and about what is good for human life. Rational, systematic investigation of the world is required in order to understand the world as fully as possible. Human happiness is thus dependent upon overcoming our ignorance thru systematic reflection on and investigation of ourselves and the world in which we live
Definition
Plato
Term
Individuals experience needs and desires which conflict with the needs and desires which conflict with the needs and desires of others
Definition
freud
Term
is a fundamental understanding of the human conditions that Marx and Confucius share
Definition
human beings are embedded in unnatural, corrupt or alienated social relationships
Term
“Now this, monks, is the noble truth of the cessation of pain: the cessations without a remainder of craving the abandonment, forsaking, release, non-attachment.”
Definition
Siddhartha Gautama
Term
The five aggregates together constitute what is called the “I” or “personality” of the individual. The aggregates are not parts of pieces of the individual but phases or forms of development, something like the shape, color, and smell of a flower... There is no “stuff” or substratum as such but only manifestations energies, activities, processes… every living being, since it is a process, is described as a flux, a flowing, a stretching forth, a continuity, or, more frequently, as a combustion, a flame. There is no “substance” no “self” or “soul,” underlying the process, unifying it
Definition
buddhism
Term
Of all things to which the people owe their lives the rites are the most important. If it were not for the rites, they would have no means of regulating the services paid to the spirits of Heaven and Earth; if it were not for the rites, they would have no means of distinguishing the positions of rules and subject, high and low, old and young, if it were not for the rites, they would have no means of differentiation the relations between male and female, between father and son, between elder and younger brother, and of linking far and near by the ceremony of marriage.”
Definition
confucianism
Term
For pride is the beginning of all sin. And what is pride but an appetite for inordinate exaltation. Now exaltation is inordinate when the soul cuts itself off from the very Source to which it should keep close and somehow make itself and becomes an end to itself. This takes place when the soul becomes inordinately pleased with itself… and falls away from the unchangeable Good which ought to please the soul far more than the soul can please itself
Definition
St. Augustine
Term
Vedic Hinduism
Definition
early/polytheistic
Term
upanishads hinduism
Definition
middle/pantheistic
Term
vedanta hinduism
Definition
late/pantheistic monism
Term
tanha
Definition
thirst, craving, unsatisifed longing, will to live
Term
nirvana
Definition
enlightenment
Term
li
Definition
ritual
Term
te
Definition
virtue and power of moral character/charisma
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