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Exercise Psychology Mid Term
Exercise psychology exam
59
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/24/2015

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Term
Five Factor model
(OCEAN)
Definition
0=Openness to experience(willingness to adjust to new ideas and situations)
C=Conscientitiousness(self-discipline to accomplish set goals)
E=Extraversion-introversion(outgoing, sociable, impulsive, optimistic)
A=Agreeableness(compatibility with others)
N=Neuroticism(tense, anxious, moody, excitable, worried, indecisive)
Term
Type A and B behavior patterns and exercise
Definition
Type A:(aggressive, rigid, impatient, hostile)
Increase in Risk of cardiovascular disease,Effort, intensity,physiological activation,stress response, negative affective responses.
Decrease in Adhrence rates, RPE.

Type B:(easy going, relaxed, creative)
Increase in RPE, Adherence rates
Decrease in Risk of CVD,Effort, intensity, physiological activation, stress response, and negative affective responses.
Term
Shavelson model of Self- Concept
Definition
Model suggesting that general self-concept is constructed in many different categories.
•Primary Categories:
–Academic Self Concept(Intellectual): primary learning domains such as English, history, math, science

–Nonacademic (Nonintellectual):
•Physical Self Concept: physical abilities and physical appearance •Social Self concept: positive interaction with others
•Emotional Self concept: cognitive or emotional states
•Global self-esteem change based on size of change, importance, & proximity
Term
Sonstrem and Morgan Model
Definition
•Constructed to find the predictions of global self-esteem
•The process of altering self-esteem is initiated with physical measures located at the base of the model.
•Indicates global esteem is driven by the extent to which the person is accepting of who he is physically
•Only the subjective perception of success is relevant to feelings of self-esteem
Increase in (Physical Competence, physical appearance, which in turn increases physical self-efficacy)
Term
Three proposed mechanisms proving that exercise might improve body image.
Definition
-Improved physical fitness
-Increased awareness of physical capabilities
-Increased self-efficacy
Term
Panic disorder
Definition
Intense fear and discomfort and mental symptoms including sweating, trembling and shortness of breath.
Term
Agoraphobia
Definition
Complete avoidance of certain situations(crowded areas, alone outside of home)
Term
Social Phobia
Definition
Persistent anxiety in social situations
Term
OCD
Definition
Obsessions such as recurrent thoughts or images that are perceived as inappropriate or forbidden, elicit anxiety.
Term
Generalized anxiety disorder
Definition
Worry lasting more than six months, along with multiple symptoms (muscle tension, poor concentration, insomnia)
Term
Major depressive disorder
Definition
Depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure are primary symptoms.
Term
Bipolar Disorder
Definition
One or more episodes of mania or mixed episodes of mania and depression. Having mixed feelings
Term
Dysthymia
Definition
Chronic form of depression. Duration is two years in adults, one year in children
Term
Cyclothymia
Definition
relatively mild form of bipolar disorder
Term
DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorders
Definition
-Depressed most of the day
-Diminished interest/pleasure in all or most activities
-Weight loss
-Insomnia or hypersomnia
-Psychomotor agitation or retardation
-fatigue or loss of energy
-feeling of worthlessness
-inability to think/concentrate
-recurrent thoughts of suicide or death
Term
Personality Somatypes
Definition
–Ectomorph: tense, introverted, inhibited(skinny)
–Endomorph: affectionate, sociable, relaxed(fat)
–Mesomorph: adventurous, dominant,
aggressive, risk-taking(athlete)
Term
Body reality vs body ideal
Definition
•Body Reality
–Current physical characteristics: ht/wt, fat/lean mass, bone structure, fitness, strength
–Changes over time based on maturation & aging'
•Body Ideal
–How we think our body should look & function –Can be positive or negative
Term
State vs Trait Anxiety
Definition
State: transient emotional state of anxiety;assesses anxiety ‘at this moment’

Trait: a general disposition to anxiety;assesses anxiety ‘generally or on average’
Term
Body image dissatisfaction
Definition
• Males
–Generally due to desire for more muscle
–Discrepancy between body reality, body ideal, and healthy weights are typically modest
• Females
–Generally due to desire for less fat
–Discrepancy between body reality, body ideal, and healthy weights are often severe
Term
Body dysmorphia
Definition
• Definition: preoccupation with muscularity
• Other names: megarexia or reverse anorexia nervosa
• Facilitates risky dietary practices and increased
likelihood of using steroids
• Primarily a male concern but also relevant for females
Term
Dimensions of body image
Definition
• Perceptual:
–How we imagine ourselves to look(imagination)
• Cognitive:
–How we think about or evaluate our body in terms of its appearance and function
• Affective:
–Feelings experienced in relation to our body’s appearance and function(emotional)
• Behavioral:
–What we do to reflect our positive or negative perceptions, thoughts, and feelings(how we conduct ourselves)
Term
Body satisfaction in culture and media influence
Definition
• Media influence
–Displaces personal ideals with media body ideals
–Promotes strict & narrow image of an ideal body

• Cultural influences
–May or may not reflect media portrayals
–People who are part of demographic groups that reject/ignore media have healthier body images
Term
Importance of motivation for exercise around issues of body image and self-esteem
Definition
–Motivations for health/fitness are ‘healthy’
–Motivations for physique are ‘questionable’
–Body image is a powerful motivator for initiating exercise but motive shifts over time are desirable. For a fitness professional:
•Exercise programs should focus on improving physical function, strength, and endurance rather than on changing physical appearance.
•Enjoyable exercise is more likely to be healthy for body image
Term
Circumplex model of Affect
Definition
Model describing affect along the perimeter of a circle defined by two dimensions:
–Valence: pleasure/displeasure
–Activation: level of arousal
•Four quadrants
–Pleasant-Activated: enthusiasm, energy –Pleasant-Unactivated: relaxation, calmness
–Unpleasant-Unactivated: bored, fatigue
–Unpleasant-Activated: tension, distress
Term
Dual Mode Model
Definition
Conceptual framework for the relationship between exercise intensity & affect
•Domains of intensity:
–Moderate: below AT
–Heavy: around/slightly above AT
–Severe: well above AT
•Model suggests affective response is the result of interplay between physiological signals and psychological processes.
Term
Benefits of exercise
Definition
-Moderate exercise tends to increase energy & mood
-PA reduces the risk of future depression
-PA improves diagnosed and nonclinical depression
-Acute exercise benefits state anxiety -Chronic exercise benefits trait anxiety
-Enjoyable exercise is more likely to be healthy for body image
-Research shows that PA improves esteem -Benefits come with training, not single sessions
Term
Personality
Definition
Psychological structures and processes that organize human experience and shape actions and reactions to the environment. Determine who you are
Term
Layers of personality
Definition
–Personality Core: not particularly changeable
–Typical Responses: predictable behaviors
–Role-Related: variable; impacted by environment
Term
Constitutional theory of personality
Definition
Body types relate to behavioral patterns. (Somatypes of body's)(Ectomorph, endomorph, mesomorph)
Term
Trait
Definition
the enduring, highly consistent internal attributes of individuals. Traits are what make up your personality
Term
Types of sex role orientations
Definition
–Instrumental: risk-taking, independent, aggressive, competitive; associated with masculinity
–Expressive: understanding, sympathy, affection, compassion; associated with femininity
–Androgynous: possesses high levels of M and F
Term
Hardiness
Definition
• A stress buffering personality type
–Believed to protect against negative effects of stress and serve as a buffer against illness
• Characteristics of Hardy Individuals
–Engage in more healthful behaviors
–Exhibit greater: sense of control over events, commitment, dedication, & involvement in everyday life
–Perceive life events as challenges and opportunities rather than as stressors
Term
Origins of esteem
Definition
Middle English: sense of worth, reputation
Old French: ‘estimer’ or ‘estimate’ Latin: to ‘appraise’
Term
Self Concept
Definition
–The way in which we see or define ourselves
–Who I am: teacher, parent, mature, loyal, extraverted, hardworking
Term
Self-Esteem
Definition
–Evaluative or affective consequence (+ or -) of one’s self-concept
–How I feel about who I am
Term
Treatment of low self-esteem
Definition
•Psychotherapy
–CBT, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)
•Pharmacotherapy
–Especially when coupled with depression
•Recreational Therapy
•Physical Activity
Term
Body Image
Definition
Definitions:
Subjective concept of one’s physical appearance based on self-observation and reaction of others
Multidimensional construct that reflects how we see, think about, feel about, and act towards our
body
Term
Treatment to body image disturbance
Definition
•Cognitive Behavior Therapy •Pharmacotherapy
•Movement Therapy
–Dance, exercise, etc.
•Education
•Diet (when comorbid with eating disorders)
Term
Anxiety
Definition
•Prominent consequence of stress linked to fear and desire to escape or avoid pain and danger
•Results from threats perceived to be unavoidable or uncontrollable
•Associated with inappropriate and disproportionate levels of worry and nervousness
•Often occurs in absence of an actual threat
•Often persists after removal of threat
Term
Anxiety Symptomatology
Definition
•Unpleasant feelings – uncertainty, overwhelmed
•Bodily symptoms – muscle tension, hyperactivity
•Changes in cognitions – irrational fear, obsessions, compulsions
•Changes in behavior - avoidance •Vigilance – on the lookout for danger
Term
Anxiety Demographics
Definition
•Increasing prevalence in society due to increased number of stressors and more ready diagnosis
•More frequently diagnosed in females
•Likely the most prevalent mental disorder(excluding substance abuse)
•Total costs (direct and indirect) linked to treatment, disability, and productivity in the billions of dollar
Term
Cognitive vs. Somatic anxiety
Definition
–Cognitive: worry or thought-related aspects of anxiety
–Somatic: physical and muscular aspects of anxiety
Term
Normal vs. Clinical Anxiety
Definition
•Normal anxiety
–Mild-to-moderate symptoms from time to time that require no intervention
•Clinical anxiety
–Increased number & intensity of symptoms
–Greater suffering & dysfunction
–Occurrence without eliciting
event
•Clinical anxiety can generally be prevented with intervention at lower levels
Term
Anxiety treatment options
Definition
•Traditional Methods
–Medication
–Counseling
•Alternative Methods
–Physical activity
–Mindfulness training
•Benefits of alternative methods include health/fitness improvements and reduced cost & stigma
Term
Measuring Anxiety
Definition
•Psychological:
–Self-report inventories: STAI, POMS-Tension, etc.
•Physiological:
–Cardiovascular (HR, BP)
–Electromyography
–Electroencephalography
–Blood pressure and heart rate
–Skin responses
Term
Depression
Definition
•Word grew out of Latin: ‘depressio’ which means ‘a pressing down’
•Early descriptions of depression characterized mood state as ‘melancholia’
•Defined as a state of low mood and aversion to activity that impacts thoughts, behavior, feelings, and sense of well-being
•Primary feature of clinical syndromes but can also be a normal response to life events
Term
Depression Demographics
Definition
•Prevalance: 15+ lifetime rate; 5-10% rate for last 12 months; about twice as high in women; lower in African-Americans
•Impact: costs is likely more than $40 billion
•Only 30% of sufferers seek help and only half of those receive adequate treatment
•Mood disorders rank within the top 10 causes of disability worldwide.
•Important linkages to suicide
Term
Nonclinical vs. Clinical Depression
Definition
• Nonclinical Depression –Relatively mild and transient symptoms that do
not impact normal function
• Clinical Depression
–Generally linked to increased number, severity, & persistence of symptoms
–Determined based on DSM criteria
•Nonclinical status is present when symptoms are present but below clinical and also warrants health promotion efforts
Term
Treatment Strategies for depression
Definition
• Pharmacotherapy
–Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
–Tricyclic Antidepressants
• Psychotherapy
–Psychodynamic
–Cognitive Behavior
• Physical Activity
–Occupational
–Sport
–Exercise
Term
Mood
Definition
Old English: ‘mod’ in the senses of mind & soul
A state or quality of feeling at a particular time
A temporary state of mind or disposition A distinctive emotional quality or character
Prevailing emotional tone or general attitude
Term
Affect vs. Mood vs. Emotion
Definition
–Emotion: short-lived, intense, thoughtful
–Mood: lingering, low intensity, thoughtful
–Affect: underlying, low intensity, reflexive
Term
Treatment for low mood
Definition
• Formal Treatment
–Not required or recommended
–Appropriate only with a related clinical diagnosis, likely depression
• Informal Treatment
–Physical activity –Social activities
–Recreational activities
Term
Popular Notions About Intensity
Definition
•Many promote vigorous exercise without much consideration of affective responses
–Bob Greene: “exercise at the highest safe intensity”because “left to our own devices
we select exercise that is too easy”
–Posters: “go hard or go home”
Term
Dynamics of Mood Responses
Definition
•When should affect be measured?
–During, before, or after exercise •Affect experienced during an exercise bout may be distinct from the affective change reported before and after exercise
–Below AT: positive during & positive after
–Above AT: neutral/negative during & positive after
•Implications for exercise prescription
–Post-exercise positive feelings might not be sufficient to override negative feelings during
Term
Benefits of intervals
Definition
•Intervals completed at near maximal intensity seem to provide a potent physiological benefit without significant compromise in affect (and perhaps adherence)
•Interval Intensity: 80-90%
•Interval Length: less than 2 minutes •Work-Rest Ratio: approximately 1:1
Term
Tai Chi
Definition
-Form of exercise that originates from Chinese culture.
-Performed as a series of fluid movements that incorporate elements of balance, postural alignment and concentration.
- Physical benefits include improvements in balance and strength, cardiovascular and respiratory function, immune system functioning, flexibility, and psychological benefits.
Term
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
Definition
Intervention shown to improve body image.
- Consist of strategies such as relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, stress management, and desensitization procedures that individuals use to improve their thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors toward their bodies.
Term
Breast Cancer
Definition
-Most frequent diagnosed form of cancer among women
-One in nine women develop it over the course of her lifetime.
-Women who have had breast cancer may feel better about their bodies by taking up a regular program of physical activity.
Term
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Definition
-Fourth leading cause of death among adults in the US
-COPD refers to a number of lung conditions characterized by airflow limitation and shortness of breath.
-Rates of anxiety are much higher in COPD patients then the general population
-Exercise has a positive effect on COPD
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