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Exercise Physiology
Ch 10 Respiration
58
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
11/02/2013

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Term
Alveoli
Definition
Site of gas exchange
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
major muscle of inspiration
Term
Function of the lungs
Definition
gas exchange between outside of body to inside of body
Term
3 things that happen in respiration
Definition
Replace O2

Remove CO2

Regulation of acid-base balance
Term
Diffusion
Definition
movement of molecules from area of high conc. to low conc.
Term
Ventilation
Definition
mechanical process of moving air in/out of lungs
Term
Pleura
Definition
membranes that enclose lungs
Term
Visceral pleura
Definition
membrane on outer surface of lung
Term
Parietal pleura
Definition
membrane that lines the thoracic wall
Term
Intrapleural space
Definition
space between visceral and and parietal pleura

pressure is lower than air outside of body (to keep alveoli inflated)
Term
Conducting zone
Definition
conducts air to respiratory zone

Trachea, broncioles
Term
Respiratory zone
Definition
exchange of gases between air and blood

alveolar sacs
Term
Inspiration
Definition
air comes into body

volume of lungs increases

diaphragm pulls downward, ribs lift outward

pressure in body lower than outside
Term
Expiration
Definition
Diaphragm relaxes, ribs push in

airflow outside of body

pressure in body higher than outside
Term
Do resp. muscles fatigue
Definition
yes

during prolonged exercise of high intensity and 2+ hours
Term
What do trained resp. muscles do?
Definition
more O2 capacity

reduced work of breathing
Term
Airflow equation
Definition
P1-P2

(change in pressure) / Resistance

More change= more airflow
Term
Airway resistance
Definition
diameter of airway

dictates how much airflow gets in
Term
Bronchospasm
Definition
asthma

narrowing of airways

more work to breathe

shortness of breath
Term
COPD
Definition
Chronic
Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disorder

Lower (harder) expiration

increased airway resistance

narrow airways
Term
2 diseases of COPD
Definition
chronic bronchitis

Emphysema
Term
Emphysema
Definition
alveoli degrade
Term
Pulmonary ventilation
Definition
amount of air moved in or out of lungs per minute (V)
Term
Tidal Volume
Definition
Vt

Amount of air moved/ per breath
Term
Breathing frequency
Definition
f

# of breaths per minute
Term
Pulmonary ventilation equation
Definition
V=Vt x f

V= Va + Vd
Term
Alveolar ventilation
Definition
Va

Volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone
Term
Dead-space ventilation
Definition
Vd

volume of air remaining in conducting airways
Term
Vital Capacity
Definition
VC

amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
Term
Residual volume
Definition
RV

Volume of gas remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
Term
Total lung capacity
Definition
TLC

Amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration
Term
Spirometer
Definition
Measures pulmonary volumes and rate of expired airflow

diagnoses lung diseases
Term
FEV1
Definition
Forced expiratory volume

volume of air expired in 1 second during maximal expiration
Term
FEV1/VC ratio
Definition
80% or better is normal
Term
Dalton's law
Definition
total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure each gas would produce by itself
Term
Pressure of atmosphere
Definition
760 mmHg
Term
Fick's law of diffusion
Definition
rate of gas tranfer (v gas) is proportional to the
surface area,

diffusion of gas,

difference in Partial Pressure

Inversely proportional to the thickness it must diffuse across
Term
Fick's Equation
Definition
Rate of diffusion = Surface area/Thickness of surface X diffusion rate of gas X difference in partial pressure
Term
When is diffusion of gas greater?
Definition
Surface area is large and the driving pressure is high
Term
Pulmonary circuit
Definition
lower pressure

blood flow to lung

when standing, most of blood is at bottom of lungs (gravity pulls)

Exercising makes blood go to superior parts
Term
Perfusion
Definition
Gas exchange in lungs
Term
Ventilation/ perfusion ratio
Definition
Indicates matching of blood flow to ventilation

Ideal ratio is ~1.0
Term
Apex of lung V/Q ratio
Definition
Underperfused ratio (<1.0)
Term
Base of lung V/Q ratio
Definition
Overperfused ratio (>1.0)
Term
During Exercise
Definition
Light exercise improves V/Q ratio

Heavy exercise distorts V/Q ratio
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition
transports 02 in blood
Term
Oxyhemoglobin
Definition
Hb bound to O2
Term
Deoxyhemoglobin
Definition
Hb not bound to O2
Term
What makes O2 come off Hemoglobin
Definition
lower pH

Higher body temp
Term
2-3 DPG
Definition
byproduct of RBC glycolysis
Term
Myoglobin
Definition
Mb

Shuttles O2 from cell membrane to mitochondria

stores o2 reserves in muscle

Need higher intensity to activate
Term
Carbonic anhydrase
Definition
breaks down bicarbonate to water and CO2
Term
C02 transport in blood
Definition
dissolved CO2 (10%)

CO2 bound to hemoglobin (20%)

Bicarbonate (70%)
Term
Ventilation and acid base balance
Definition
ventilation removes H+ from blood by carbonic anhydrase reaction

Increases pH in body
Term
Rest to work transition
Definition
intial rapid increase in breathing when work is started

tapers off as steady state is reached
Term
Ventilation rate drift
Definition
ventilation increases in a hot/humid environment
Term
Ventilatory threshold
Definition
point in exercise where ventilation rate increases exponentially

50%-75% in untrained, higher than 75% in trained
Term
Pressure of O2 and CO2 in blood
Definition
remains constant but lowers to 30-40mmHg during exercise due to high cardiac output
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