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Exercise Physiology I
All things mitochondira! (And so much more!!)
64
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
01/30/2010

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Term
When one exercises, ATP production increases as intensity increases at a linear rate but at a certain point ATP production plateaus. Does this mean one is at max intensity? Why or why not?
Definition

No.

ATP production maxes out but intensity does not. This may indicate that the body has become more efficient in the exercise, ie. better form or technique.

Term
As one begins to exercise, the demand for ATP is instantaneous. Explain how the body is able to provide for this deman immediately, then how it is able to maintain ATP production as the body continues to exercise.
Definition
There is a reserve of ATP in each cell (1 billion). Then the body must continue to make ATP by ATP-CP, Glycolysis, and Aerobic Respiration.
Term
What happens if one cannot meet the demand for ATP?
Definition
The body will get fatigued and intensity must decrease in order to make the demand.
Term
Which ATP production pathway provides ATP at the onset of physical activity? Does this require oxygen to make ATP?
Definition

Anaerobic

ATP-CP and Glycolysis

They do not require oxygen.

Term
Why is Aerobic Respiration always the last ATP producing pathway the last to respond?
Definition

Because the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain requires products from Glycolysis to work.

Krebs - Pyruvate.

ETC - NADH+H+

Term
What does knowing how ATP producing pathways mean for sports and athletic training? Give an example.
Definition
If you know what pathways are needed for a sport, you know what pathways to train. For example, a soccer player will use 70% anaerobic (sprinting) and 30% aerobic (recovery time).
Term
Where does ATP-CP take place?
Definition
The cytoplasm of the cell.
Term
What are the products of Glycolysis?
Definition

2 NADH+H+

2 ATP

2 Pyruvates

Term
What is needed for Glycolysis to continue and why?
Definition

NAD

It is needed to pick up H+ to transport to the ETC.

Term

Where do the products of Glycolysis go?

What is needed to ensure the products go on and what happens if it is not present?

Definition

Pyruvate goes to the Krebs Cycle.

NADH+H+ goes to the ETC.

Oxygen is needed for these products to go on. If there is no oxygen, the pyruvate and H+ from the NADH+H+ will mix to make lactic acid.

Term

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle (two turns including the Intermediate Step)?

Where do the products go?

Definition

6 NADH+H+

2 NADH+H+ (from the Intermediate Step)

2 FADH2

2 ATP

All NADH+H+ and FADH2 go to the ETC.

Term
What is an enzyme and how does it work?
Definition
A protein that functions as a catalyst to modify or release products. An enzyme will combine with its specific substrate to bend or break the bond.
Term
What is the rate limiting enzyme (RLE)?
Definition
The slowest acting enzyme in a series of reactions. It determines the speed of the pathway.
Term
What speeds up the RLE in ATP production?
Definition
The rise of ADP levels, or decrease in ATP levels.
Term
What slows down the RLE in ATP production?
Definition
The rise of ATP levels, or decrease in ADP levels.
Term
What does training the anaerobic pathway to do the ATP-CP sysetm?
Definition
Muscle cells will store more ATP and CP, increasing their ability to utilize this ATP producing system.
Term
What is the lactate threshold for the average untrained individual?
Definition
Between 50-60%.
Term
What is the lactate threshold?
Definition
The point where lactate starts to build up at a faster rate.
Term
What does the liver have to do with the lactate concentration?
Definition
The liver is involved in lactate removal. There must be a balance between lactate production and lactate removal. When lactate production is higher than lactate removal, the lactate threshold will be reached.
Term
What happens to the lactate that diffuses out of the muscles?
Definition
Diffuses into the bloodstread to be picked up by the liver, heart, kidney's and other muscle cells then used to make ATP out of it. It is converted into pyruvic acid and/or glucose.
Term
What are the four reasons for lactate threshold?
Definition

Lack of oxygen.

Hydrogen shuttle: NADH+H+ Ratio

Use of fast twitch fibers.

Decreased rate of lactate removal.

Term
Explain how the lactate threshold is affected by a lack of oxygen and how it improves in a trained individual.
Definition
The lack of oxygen during exercise is due to not being able to use the oxygen being taken in efficiently. The trained individual will be able to make more mitochondria, and therefore will be able to use the oxygen more efficiently.
Term
Explain how the lactate threshold is affected by the hydrogen shuttle and how it improves in a trained individual.
Definition
NADH+H+ requires a hydrogen shuttle to drop off H+ to the ETC. When glycolysis is producing NADH+H+ at a fast rate, the hydrogen shuttle may not be able to keep up, forcing NADH+H+ to give its H+ to pyruvic acid, forming lactic acid. In the trained individual, the number of mitochondria increases as well as the speed of the hydrogen shuttle.
Term
Explain how the lactate threshold is affected by fast twitch fibers and how it improves in a trained individual.
Definition
Fast twitch fibers have a form of enzyme, muscle specific Lactate Dehydronenase (mLDH) that promotes the production of lactic acid. The trained individual will be able to increase heart specific Lactate Dehydronenase (hLDH), which seperates the pyruvate and H+ from lactic acid.
Term
Explain how the lactate threshold is affected by reduced lactate removal and how it improves in a trained individual.
Definition
During exercise there may be an increase in lactic acid production and a decrease in its removal by the liver. Trained individuals are able to make more ATP with a given amount of blood flow than untrained individuals, which means that they don't require as much blood flow to the working muscles and more blood is able to flow to the liver to help clear out lactic acid.
Term
What are the three reasons lactic acid is so detrimental?
Definition

It causes pain.

It inhibits ATP production. (Inhibits RLE enzyme.)

Attaches to myosin binding site on actin. (Interferes with muscle contraction.)

Term
What is the main benefit of more mitochondria and what three good things come from that?
Definition
More mitochondira means less lactic acid created. Because of this, oxygen use is more efficient, you are able to use fat as fuel more, and there is an increased chance that H+ will enter the ETC.
Term
What are the characteristics of Type I fibers? Size, force, colour, mitochondria content, speed, metabolism, rate of fatigue.
Definition
Small. Low force. Red. Mitochondria content high. Slow. Oxadative. Fatigue resistant.
Term
What are the characteristics of Type IIa fibers? Size, force, colour, mitochondria content, speed, and metabolism.
Definition
Large. Force med-high. Red. Mitochondria content medium. Fast. Oxidative/glycolitic.
Term
What are the characteristics of Type IIb fibers? Size, force, colour, mitochondria content, speed, metabolism, rate of fatigue.
Definition
Large-XL. Force high. White. Mitochondria content low. Very fast. Glycolitic. Fatigues quickly.
Term
What are the two types for mitochondria?
Definition

Subsarcolemmal Mitochondria: 20% volume. Primarily for membrane functions. In endurance training it is the first to respond and first to go down when training ends.

Intermyofibrillar Mitochondria: 80% volume. Create ATP for muscle contraction.

Term
What is the term for creating new mitochondria?
Definition
Mitochondrial Biogenesis
Term
What are the two ways lactic acid returns to basal levels and how long does it take? What helps this happen faster?
Definition

Approx 1 hour after exercise ends:

Liver, heart, kidney and muscle cells convert lactic acid to pyruvic acid for ATP production (~70%).

Lactic acid is transported to the liver and converted to glycogen (~20%).

Active recovery helps this happen faster.

Term
What are three anaerobic training adaptations?
Definition

Increased lactate threshold.

Increased speed and amount of PFK (RLE for glycolysis).

Increased glycogen storeage in muscle.

Term
How does active recovery help return lactic acid to basal levels faster?
Definition
During active recovery, cardiac output is slightly elevated. The increased blood flow helps transport any lactic acid that was created to various cells around the body (liver, kidneys, muscle cells, etc).
Term
What is VO2 max and what is the formula?
Definition

VO2 max is the volume of oxygen one is able to deliver and use to make ATP per minute.

VO2 max (l/min) = Q x (a-VO2 difference)

Term
Explain why the consumption of oxygen reflects the combined efforts of the respiratory cardiovascular and muscular systems.
Definition

To use oxygen to make ATP we must:

Bring air to the lungs and transfer oxygen to the blood (respiratory).

Pump oxygenated bood around the body (cardiovascular).

Then deliver the oxygen to the muslce for ATP production (muscular).

Term
What is a-VO2 difference?
Definition
Arteriovenous oxygen difference. It is the difference in the amount of oxygen in arterial blood (leaving the heart) compared to the amount of oxygen in venous blood (coming back to the heart) -- the amount of oxygen from the blood being used by the tissues.
Term
What is stroke volume, what is the average resting SV and what are three factors that affect it?
Definition
It is the amount of blood ejected from the hear per beat. The average is 70 ml/beat. Preload, Contractility, and Afterload are the factors that affect it.
Term
What is preload and what affects it?
Definition
Preload is the amount that the ventricles are stretched by the blood inside them. It stores energy. The higher the preload, the higher the stroke volume. It is affected by venous return.
Term
What are the diffences between maximal and submaximal VO2 max tests?
Definition

Maximal: Intensity increases every 2-3 minutes. Oxygen increases as intensity increases so VO2 max is reached when oxygen no longer increases.

Submaximal: Must achieve a certain amount of intensity, which then becomes constant.

Term
What is the double product?
Definition
It represents the stress on the heart (how much stress the heart is taking). It is calculated by HRxSBP.
Term
What does cardiac output represent and measured by?
Definition

Cardiac output represents the amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute.

Q=HRxSV It is measured by the blood flow requirement to perform exercise at any given intensity.

Term
What does the sympathetic nervous system affect?
Definition
SA node, AV node and the ventricular myocardium.
Term
What is contactility and what are its effects during exercise?
Definition
This refers to how forcefully the heart muscle contracts. The heart beats harder with more force with exercise. The sympathetic nervous system sends a signal directly to the ventricular myocardium. It is one factor affecting stroke volume.
Term
What is afterload and what are its effects during exercise?
Definition
This refers to the pressure in the SL valves that the heart must overcome in order to eject blood (pressure the heart must push against). During exercise, afterload pressure decreases.
Term
Why does max HR decrease as you age?
Definition

Elasticity decreases over time.

Depolarization of the heart isn't as effective.

Disfunctional mitochondria accumulates.

Term
How does the sympathetic nervous system indirectly affect stroke volume?
Definition
The sympathetic nervous system sends a signal to the SA node, increasing HR, as well as the ventricular myocardium, increasing contractility, therefore increasing stroke volume.
Term
What increases venous return?
Definition
The muscular and respiratory pump.
Term
Why does systolic blood pressure increase during exercise while diastolic does not?
Definition

Systolic BP (pressure on arterial walls during contraction) increases because there is an increase in stroke volume.

Diastolic BP (pressure on arterial walls during relaxation) does not increase beause there is a decrease in the resistance caused by an increase in vasodilation.

Term
What are two factors that blood pressure is affected by?
Definition
Amount of blood coming from the heart (stroke volume) and vessel diameter.
Term
What is the normal at rest a-VO2 difference and why does it increase as exercise intensity increases?
Definition
At rest the arterial blood has about 20ml of O2 for every 100ml. The body only needs to take about 5ml of that 20ml. During exercise the muscle needs to take up more O2 to make more ATP.
Term
What is autoregulation?
Definition
Tissues controlling the amount of blood flow they recieve based on their needs.
Term
How does vasodilation affect resistance?
Definition
Vasodilation occurs in the vessels that serve working muscles. When vasodilation occurs, resistance decreases.
Term
Why does the double product increase during exercise? (Formula)
Definition

DP=SBPxHR

It increases because systolic BP and HR increases during exercise.

Term
What factor makes the diffenrence between a high VO2 max in the trained individual and a low VO2 max in the untrained individual and why?
Definition
Stroke volume. There is an increased volume of blood in the heart per beat, which means there is more oxygen going to the muscles to make ATP.
Term
Make the connection of training increasine the blood volume to increasing stroke volume.
Definition
Increased blood volume make the muscular and respiratory pump work harder, which makes venous return increase, which increases preload and therefore increases stroke volume.
Term
What is the difference between the good and bad left ventricular hypertrophy?
Definition

Good: The walls of the ventricles get thicker but the lumin (space inside the ventricles) stays the same size. This occurs with training.

Bad: The walls of the ventricles get thicker and the lumin gets smaller. This occurs with obesity and lack of activity. For obesity, the adipose tissure requires blood, therefore the heart works harder.

Term
Why are the tissues in the trained individual able to take more oxygen from the arteriol blood?
Definition
The trained individual has more mitochondria and more capillaries.
Term
What is angiogenesis and how does it work?
Definition

The growth of new capillaries.

Blood flow is increased so the capillaries stretch. New capillaries will be created from one stretched to another.

Term
How does more mitochondria and capillaries help to increase the a-VO2 difference?
Definition
Mitochondria needs more oxygen and will take the oxygen it needs. More capillaries means oxygen delivery is closer.
Term
How does more mitochondria help someone to have a higher VO2 max?
Definition
In exercise, someone with more mitochondria will rely more on oxidative phosphorylation. This means less depletion in CP stores and less lactic acid being produced. The mitochondria can work at a lower rate, resulting in more room for a higher intensity.
Term
What is CV drift?
Definition
Cardiovascular Drift is the decline in CV factors (SV) in moderate intensity exercise with no apparent reason.
Term
What is the HR theory for CV drift?
Definition
This theory explains that the heart at a high HR is not getting enough fill time before contracting, resulting in little blood flow, therefore not getting enough preload.
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