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excersise physiology
chapter 11 & 13
118
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
12/01/2013

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Term
Chart
Definition

Nervous System

             

                 Peripheral                         Central

  

        Somatic       Autonomic                 Brain/Spinal Cord

             

              Sympathetic   Parasympathetic

Term
How is the Neuromuscular System organized?
Definition
  • CNS (central nervous system)
  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Mid-Brain
  4. Cerebeullum
  5. Diencephalon
  6. Telencephalon
  • PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
    • everything else
      • 12 cranial nerves
      • 31 spinal nerves
Term

CNS

  • Afferent
  • Efferent
  • Interneurons

Neurotransmitters

Definition

(brain/spinal cord)

The spinal cord contains 3 types of nerves:

  • Sensory
  • motor
  • Interneurons

Chemical messengers

  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
  • Acetylcholine
Term

Peripheral NS

  • Somatic & autonomic
  • Sypathetic & parasympathetic
Definition
  • Voluntary muscle- skeletal muscle & skin
  • Involuntary muscle- visera & other tissues

 

  • Supplies heart, smooth muscle, sweat glands, viscera
  • Supplies thorax, abdomen, pelvis regions

 

  • Most organs receive sympathetic & parasympathetic stimulation
Term

Reflex Arc

  • Simple Refles
  • Comples Refles
  • Learned Reflex
Definition
  • Sensory nerve ->spinal cord ->motor nerve ->muscle

 

  • Same as simple, but multiple synapses & muscle groups

 

  • Little conscious effort because of something you do frequently (ex: advanced typists don't think about typing each letter, it is reflex)
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
  • One motor neuron & the specific muscle fiber it innervates
  • Muscle fibers & nerve that activates them
  • All or none principle
  • Gradation force
Term

Motor Neuron (Motoneuron)

  • dendrites
  • body & axon
  • myelin sheath
  • schwann cells
  • Nodes of Ranvier
Definition

The anterior motor neuron

  • cell body
  • axon
  • dendrites
  • Schwann cells
  • Myelin sheath- lipoprotein membrane that wraps around the axon
  • Nodes of Ranvier
    • Gaps every 1-2 minutes
    • Allow AP to jump
Term

Neuromuscular Junction

  • Presynaptic terminals (membrane)
  • Sacrcolemma
  • Synaptic Gutter
  • Synaptic Cleft
Definition

(or motor endplate)

  • Represents the interface between the end of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
  • Anatomic features of a neuromuscular junction:
  1. Presynaptic membrane
  2. Synaptic Cleft
  3. Synaptic Gutter
  4. Postsynaptic membrane
Term

Neuromuscluar junction

 

Excitation

Definition
  • Action potential travels down axon & acetylcholine is accumulated in synaptic vesticles
  • Ach is released from presynaptic terminal/membrane into synaptic cleft/gutter
  • Ach bins to postsynaptic membrane & ion channels are opened
  • Sodium is pumped into sarcolemma & the electric stimulus is converted to a chemical stimulus
  • Action potential is formed that travels along sarcolemma into t-tubule system
  • Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) is stiumulated & calcium (Ca+) released
  • Muscle fibers contracts
Term

Neuromuscluar junction

 

Excitation

 

(continued)

Definition
  • AP stimulates the sac-like 'synaptic vesticles' at the NMJ to release Ach
  • Ach binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane (Electric Stimulus converted to chemical stimulus)
  • Sodium- potassium pump (Na+ - K+ pump)
  • The AP (wave of depolarization) travels the length of the sarcolemma entering the T-tubule system
  • Stimulation of SR releases Ca+
Term

Neuromusclular Junction

 

Facilitation

Definition
  • Excitation threshold
  • remporal summation- time/timing, how often excitation takes place
  • spatial summation- how many fibers activated in excitation 

Effective dishibition (not stopping/letting happen)- fully activated all muscles during maximal lifting

Term

Neuromuscluar Junction

 

Inhibition

Definition
  • Presynaptic terimals release chemicals increasing post synaptic membranes permeability to charged potassium (+) or chloride ions (-) inhibiting depolarization (stimulation)

 

  • Protective function that inhibits depolarization (stops firing of muscle fibers) & reduced input of unwatned stimuli
Term
Motor Unit Physiology
Definition
  • IIx- fast twitch: high tension, high force, fast fatigue
  • IIa- hybrid/fat twitch: moderate tension, moderate force, fatigue resistant
  • I- slow twitch: low tension, very fatigue resistant
Term

Motor Unit

  • All or none principle
  • Gradation of force principle
Definition
  • All fibers in a motor unit are activated or none of them are
  • Force of contraction depends on
  1. Number of motor neurons recruited
  2. Frequency of motor unit discharge
Term

Motor Unit

 

Recruitment

  • Size principle
Definition

Process adding motor units to increase muscle force

 

  • Motor neurons with smaller axons (I) are recruited first. If demand is there than neurons with larger axons (IIx & IIa) are activated. Type I is first on and last off
Term

Motor Unit

 

Neuromuscular Fatigability

Definition

The decine in muscle tension capacity repeated stimulation is caused by:

  • Exercise induced alterations in levels of CNS neurotransmitters
  • Glycogen depletion
  • Hypoxia (not enough oxygen)
  • Interruption of AP at NMJ
Term

Proprioceptors

 

Muscle Spindles

  • Stretch reflex
Definition

Receptors that monitor information about a movement

  • Stretch reflex: causes muscles to contract
    • Provide information to fiber length & tension
    • Allow for adjustments in muscle tension or force
Term

Proprioceptors

 

GTO's

  • Tendon Reflex
Definition

Golgi Tendon Organs

  • Tendon reflex: cause muscles to relax
    • Located in musclotendious junction
    • Detect difference in tension (rather than length) generated by active muscle
    • Protect muscle from excessive load (Tendon Reflex)
    • Respond to tension generated by
      1. Muscle contraction
      2. Passive Stretch
Term
3 Types of muscle in the body
Definition
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
Term

Gross Structure of Muscle

  • Endomysium
  • Perimysium
  • Epimysium
  • Sarcolemma
  • Sacroplasm Reticulum (SR)
Definition
  • Wraps each fiber
  • Surrounds several fibers & forms bundles called Fasciculi
  • Surround all the bundles to form the entire muscle
  • Under Endomysium- muscle cell membrane
  • The fiber's aqueous protoplasm, contains sarcoplasmic reticulum (network of tubular channels)
    • Releases Ca+ - necessary for muscle contraction
Term

Gross Structure of Muscle

  • Chemical Composition
    • Water
    • Protein
    • Salts
  • Blood Supply
    • Rish vascular network
    • Blood flow
      • Rhythmic vs. sustained contractions
Definition

Muscle is about

  • 75% water
  • 20% protein
  • 5% salts, phosphates, ions, & macronutrients

Rich vascular network; rhythmic contactions helps blood flow, sustained contraction hurts blood flow

  • During sustained contractions > 60% capacity blood flow diminishes due to intramuscular pressure
    • Anaerobic processes supply ATP
  • Vessels compress during contraction & open during relaxation
Term

Gross Structure of Muscle

 

Capillarization & impacts by aerobic/endurance training

Definition

Aerobic/endurance training creates increased capillary density up to 40%

 

Endurance exercise training & capillarization

  • Expedites removal of metabolic by-products
  • Increases 02 delivery
Term

Ultrastucture of Skeletal Muscle

Sacromere

  • I band
  • A band
  • H zone
  • Z line

(at rest vs. during concentric contraction)

Definition

From Z line to Z line

  • actin (thin/light)
  • myosin (thick/dark)
  • myosin, disappears during contaction
  • stabilizes structure; bisects I band & adheres to sarcolemma
Term

Ultrastructure of Skeletal Muscle

Actin-Myosin Orientation

  • Crossbridges- lollipop like or similar to canoe paddles
  • Troponin
  • Tropomyosin
Definition

Actin filaments lie in a hexagonal pattern around myosin

  • Spiral around the myosin where actin & myosin overlap. Crossbridges on myosin pull actin across it
  • Modifies Troponin to block binding site. Embedded at regular intervals along actin
    • interacts with Ca2+
    • moves tropomyosin, revealing cross-bridge binding sites
  • Complex on actin that contains binding sites. Lies along actin in the groove formed by double helix
    • Covers cross-bridge binding site
Term

Ultrastructure of Skeletal Muscle

 

Intracellular Tubule System

  • T-Tubules
  • Triad
Definition

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is distributed around the myofibrils such that each sarcomere has 2 triads

  • System of tubes runs throughout muscle
  • Pattern of SR. T-tubule, SR
    • Each triad contains
      • 2 vesticles- terminal end of SR that stores Ca++
      • 1 t-tubule
Term

Chemical & Mechanical Events during Contraction & Relaxation

  • Sliding Filament theory
Definition
  • Contraction occurs in sarcomere as myosin & actin slide past each other
  • Ca+ is released from SR & troponin unblocks tropomyosin
  • Myosin cross-bridges cyclically attach, rotate, & detach from actin filaments
  • Energy provided by ATP hydrolysis
Term

Link between

 

Actin

Myosin

ATP

Definition
  • Myosin crossbridges binds to actin at one site; the binding of ATP at second site on the crossbridge causes the crossbridge to release & "cock" in preperation for power stroke
  • Splitting of ATp (via myosin ATPase) creates the release "cocking" and power stroke
  • Cylce begins again when another ATP binds to myosin
  • Repeated nonsynchronous power strokes continue as long as a stimulus is present
Term

Excitation

  • Contraction coupling
Definition

The process by which the muscle membrane action potential leads to the release of intracellular calcium from SR, thereby causing muscle contraction via the sliding filament theory (basically connecting #4 & #10 together because Excitation cause Sliding Filament Theory

Term
Relaxation
Definition
  • Calcium is actively pumped back into SR
  • Troponin allows tropomyosin to interfere with actin-myosin interaction
  • Cessation (stopping) of nerve stiumlation
  • Oreventing mechanical link between actin & myosin inhibiting myosin ATPase activity
Term

Muscle Fiber Types

  • ST (Type I)

Slow twitch

Definition
  • Low myosin ATPase activity
  • Slower calcium release & re-uptake by SR
  • Low glycolytic capacity
  • Large number of mitochondria
Term

Muscle Fiber Types

  • Ft (Type II)

fast twitch (IIx & IIa)

Definition
  • High capacity to transit AP
  • High myosin ATPase activity
  • Rapid release & re-uptake of calcium by SR
  • High rate of crossbridge turnover
  • Capable of high force generation
  • Relies on anaerobic metabolism (ATP-PCr/Glycolosis)
Term

Muscle Fiber Types

  • Type IIx (FG)
  • Type IIa (FOG)
  • Type IIc
Definition
  • Most rapid shortening velocity
    • Rely on anaerobic energy production
  • Fast shortening speed, moderately well-developed capacity for both aerobic & anaerobic energy production
  • Rare & undifferentiated (reinnervation)
Term
Fiber Differences in Athletic Groups
Definition
  • Large individual difference in fiber type distribution
  • Endurance atheltes have more Type I fibers
    • Same as high as 90-95% in gastrocnemius
  • Speed & power athletes have more Type II fibers
  • Middle distance athletes, throwers/jumpers/ & high jumpers have more even fiber distribution
Term

3 Energy Systems

  • Times & examples
Definition
  • ATP-PCr- immediate enery
    • 10 seconds (sprint, weightlifting)
  • Glycolytic- splits glucose to form ATP
    • 60-90 seconds (endurance, anerobic power)
    • ATP-PCr + Latic Acid
  • Oxidative (Aerobic)
    • Over 2-3 minutes (cycling, jogging, swimming)
    • ETS & Krebs

 

Term

General Training Principles

  • Overload
  • Specificity
  • Individual Differences
  • Reversibility
Definition
  • Exercising at greater than normal intensity
  • Performing a specific activity increases your ability to perform that ability (if you want to run a long distance train aerobically)
    • Specificty of VO2max
    • Specificity of local changes
    • SAID prinicple
  • Everyone is different & responds differently to physical activity
  • Detraining; Rapidly losing abilities/capabilityes after cessation of an activity or exercise
Term

Adapatins to Training

Responders & Nonresponders

Definition

Physcial capabilities are partly genetic (twin study)

  • Exercise Adherance
    • Less than 13% of US adults exercise regularly at sufficient intensity & duration to attain minimum fitness levels
    • Drop out rates mimic other behavior-oriented programs (eg smoking, alcohol, weight loss)
    • Proper leadership exerts the greatest positive influence on exercise complience
Term

Anaerobic System Changes

 

Definition
  • Increased leveles of anaerobic substates (ATP, PCr, free creatine, glycogen, glycolytic enzymes)
  • Increased quantity & activity of key enzymes that control the anaerobic phase of glucose catabolism
  • Increased capacity to generate high levels of blood lactate during all out exercise
  • Increased capacity to generate LA during intense exercise (Buffering?)
Term

Aerobic System Changes

  • Metabolic Adaptations
Definition
  • Number & size of mitochondria
  • Oxidative enzymes
  • Ability to oxidize intramuscular triglycerides
  • Muscle fiber size & type
  • Oxygen extraction capabilities
  • Ability to oxidize carbohydrate
Term
Cardiovascular Adaptations
Definition
  • Cardiac hypertrophy: the "athletes heart" eccentric & concentric hypertrophy
  • Heart size (up)
  • stroke volume (up)
  • oxygen extraction (up)
  • plasma volume (up)
  • improved blood flow & distribution
  • heart rate (down)
  • blood pressure (down)
  • cardiac output
Term

Pulmonary Adaptations

  • max exercise
  • submax exercise
Definition
  • Increases minute ventilation

 

  • Reduces ventilatory equivalent
  • Tidal volume increases as frequency decreases
Term
Blood Lactate Concentration
Definition
  • Decreased rate of formation
  • Increased clearence rate
  • Greater tolerence to lactate acumulation (OBLA)
Term
Body Composition Changes
Definition

Everday 45-60 minutes

  • increased lean mass
  • decreased fat mass
Term
Temperature Regulation
Definition
  • Body regulates, transports, & sheds heat more effectively
Term
Endurance Performance
Definition
Enhances Endurance
Term
Psychological Benefits
Definition
  • mood is better
  • release of endorphins
Term

Factors Affecting Aerobic Training Response

  • Goals of Aerobic Training 
  • Initial level of Cardiorespiratory fitness (can't find)
Definition
  • Develop functional capacity of the central circulation to deliver oxygen
  • Enhance aerobic capacity of the specific muscles (to consume oxygen)
Term
Training Intensity
Definition
  • Calories expended per unit of time
    • Train at a perception of effort (RPE)
    • Train at lactate threshold
    • METs
    • Train at percentage of VO2max
      • 50-60% of VO2max lower limit; 85-90% upper limit
    • Train at a percentage of HRmax
      • 60-70% HRmax to get a training effort, 90% upper limit
    • Heart Rate Reserve- Karvonen Method
      • lower limit of 50% HRR, upper limit 85% of HRR
Term
Karvonen Formula
Definition
  • 40 year old male- working between 50%, 60%, & 85% of HRR; RHR is 75 bpm
  • 220-40 = 180 EMHR - 75 RHR= 105 HRR

     105                     105                   105 bpm

  x .50                    x .60                  x .85 bpm


     52.5                     63                      89.3 bpm

  + 75                     +75                    +75 bpm


    127.5 bpm           138 bpm             164.3 bpm THRR

Term
HRmax
Definition
  • 5- year old man working between 60 & 80% of HRmax
  • HRmax -> 208 - (.7 x 50) = 208 - 35 =173 bpm

      173              173

    x  .60           x  .80


    103.8           138.4 bpm THRR

Term

Training Duratin

 

Training Frequency

 

Trainability & Genes

Definition
  • Varies inversely with intensity, at least 30 minutes each session
  • At least 3 times for at least 6 weeks
  • Closely linkes
  • Responses to training are very dependent upon genetics. Responder vs. non-responder
Term
Maintenance of aerobic gains
Definition
  • Exercise intensity plays a principle role in maintaining the increase in max aerobic power achieved through training
    • with intensity held constant, frequencey & duration to maintin aerobic fitness is considerably lower than required for improvement
    • Small declines in intensity reduces VO2max
  • Duration & intensity can be decreased as long as intensity is maintained
Term
Tapering for peak performance
Definition
  • Slowly decreasing exercise to prepare for competition
  • Allows muscle to resynthesize glycogen to max levels
  • Allows healing of training included damage
Term

Formulating an aerobic training program

General Guideline

Definition
  • Start slowly, warm up, cool down period
Term
Guidelines for Children
Definition
  • More than 60 minutes a day (serveral hours for elementary children)
  • Periods of 15+ minutes of moderate to vigorous activity
  • Children are not small adults
  • Participate in variety of physical activity
  • Extended periods of physical activity are not appropriate for normal healthy children
  • Cardiorespiratory fitness standards for children
    • 1 mile walk/run
Term

Establishing Training Intensity

  • percent of VO2max
  • percent of MHR
  • RPE
  • Lactate threshold (couldn't find)
Definition
  • 50% to 55% VO2max
  • 70% HRmax
    • Effectiveness of less intense exercise
  • 6 very very very light to 19 very very hard
    • Rate of perceived exertion
Term

Methods of Training

  • Anaerobic
  • Aerobic
Definition
  • The intramuscular high energy phosphates & lactate generating capacity
  • Continuous (LSD) training
  • Interval training
  • Fartlek training (speed play)
Term

Overtraining Syndrome

  • symptoms
Definition

Unexplained/persistent poor performance/delayed recovery

  • symptoms (persist unless there is rest)
    • Prolonged recovery from exercise bouts
    • Disturbed mood states- fatigue, depression, irritability
    • Insomnia
    • Weight loss, loss of appetite
    • Elevated RHR, painful muscles, susceptibility to upper respiratory infections & gastrointestinal disturbances
    • Overuse injuries
Term

Overtraining Syndrome

  • Symptoms
Definition

Unexplained/persistant poor performance/delayed recovery

  • Symptoms (persist unless there is rest)
    • Prolonged mood states- fatigue, depression, irritatbility
    • Insomnia
    • Elevated RHR, painful muscles, susceptibility to upper respiratory infections & gastrointestinal disturbances
    • Overuse injuries
Term
Exercise Training during pregnancy
Definition

Effects on the fetus

  • Reduces placental blood flow
  • Fetal hypothermia
  • Reduced fetal glucose supply
Term
14 contraditions
Definition
  • Pregnancy induced hypertension
  • Preterm rupture of memebranes
  • Incompetent cervix
  • Type 1 diabetes
  • Excessive alcohol intake
  • Multiple prenancy
  • History of premature labor
  • Intrauterine growth retardation
  • History of two or more spontaneous abortions
  • Persistant second to third trimester bleeding
  • Preterm labor during the prior or current pregnancy
  • Smoking
  • Anemia
  • Excessive obesity
Term

What act requires that the plaintiff must show that the jobs are substantially equal in order

 to prove that they have been treated unfairly?

 

Definition
Equal Pay Act
Term

 What act prohibits the denial of benefits to older workers?

 

Definition

Age discrimination and employment act

 

Term

 

 

What act makes it illegal for employees to do things absed on about race, gender, and national origin?


 

Definition
Title 7 Civil Rights Act
Term

What act allows victims of paid discriminiation to assert with their rights?

 


 

Definition
The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Payment Act
Term
What is Undue Harship?
Definition

Must consider

  • Nature and cost of the accomodation
  • What financial resources that they have
  • The overall finacial resources of the facility involved in the provision of reasonable accommodation
    • The number of persons employed at such a facility
    • The effect on expenses and resources
    • The impact otherwise of such accommodation upon the operation


 

 

of the facility

 

Term
What has to occur for Title 9
Definition

 


“No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal aid.”

 

  • Federal Funding
  •  Educational program
  • Gender discrimination

 

Term
3 types of Sexual Harassment
Definition

 

  • žQuid pro quo
  • žTangible employment actions
  • žHostile environment

 

Term
Quid Pro Quo
Definition

 

"submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual,“

 

 

Term

 

Tangible employment actions

 

Definition

 

Any significant change in employment status
Such as hiring:
  • firing
  • failing to promote
  • reassignment

 

Term
Hostal Work Environment
Definition

 

Three-step approach:

 

1.The totality of the circumstances

 

 

2.Whether a reasonable person in the same or similar circumstance would find the conductsufficiently severe or pervasive to create an intimidating, hostile or abusive work environment (objective test)

 

 

3.Whether the plaintiff perceived the environment to be hostile or abusive (subjective test).

 

Term

Sexual Harassment

 

How to prove/defend

What has to be present

What is it

What does it include

 

Definition

Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when

  • Submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual's employment
  • Submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual
  • Conduc has the purpose/effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's work performance or creates intimidating, hostile/offensive work environment

Difficult to discern:

  • The disincition between invited, uninvited-but-welcome
  • Offensive-but-tolerated
  • Flatly rejected sexual advances

Examine:

  • Nature of conduct
  • Context in which it occurred
  • Frequency of conduct
  • Severity
  • Physical threatening/humiliating
  • Unwelcome
  • Interference with work performance

 

 

 

Term
What three citeria are used for Due Process
Definition

 

  • žThe private interest that will be affected by the official action
  • žThe risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable values, if any of the additional or substitute procedural safeguards.
  • žThe government’s interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail

 

Term

Due Process

  • Eligibility
  • Process
  • Aspects

 

 

Definition

 

  • To produce, through the use of fair procedures, more accurate results (not depriving people of their rights)
  • To provide a feeling of fair treatment by the govt. among people

 

The government must:

 

1. Provide notice of the charges against you.

 

2.  Be able to show that there is a non-vague standard of conduct which you are accused of violating.

 

3.  Provide you with an opportunity to rebut their charges against you in a meaningful way and at a meaningful time  (the "hearing requirement“)

 

 4. Establish-at a minimum--that there is substantial and credible evidence supporting its charges

 

5.  Provide some explanation to the individual for the basis of any adverse finding.

 

 

 

1.The starting point is state action

 

•Is their state action?

 

 

2.What right has been deprived?

 

•Life, liberty or property interests

 

 

3.How was the due process right violated?

 

•Substantive Due Process

 

•Procedural Due Process

 

 

Term

Due Process

 

  • Substantive
  • Procedural

 

Definition

Substantive

  • žSubstantive due process requires the rule or regulation to be fair and reasonable in application as well as content.
  • žIn the absence of fraud, mistake, collusion or arbitrariness, the courts generally will not interfere with the internal affairs of voluntary associations.

 

The inquiry in substantive due process asks 2 questions:

 

1.Does the rule or regulation have a proper purpose?

 

 

2.Does the rule or regulation clearly relate to the accomplishment of that purpose?

 

 


Procedural

 

  • žExamines decision-making process followed in determining whether a rule/regulation was violated and what sanction should be imposed.
  • žFair treatment is the goal
  • žThe greater the right/interest being deprived, the greater procedural due process that is owed to the plaintiff.

 

Term

What are you going to considering when determining if a person is eligible to get due process in the first place

 

Definition

The starting point is state action

 

•Is their state action?


The constitution limits the government conduct, not private conduct

  • Is the government's role in the conduct sufficent enough to be deemed "state action"?
  • Can cover many persons who have only an indirect relationship with the government
  • Controversial area
  • DeShaney v. Winnebago County (1989)

 

 

Term
When looking at Title 9 what is the Accomodating Interest and Abilities Test?
Definition

 

An institution effectively accommodates students if it meets one of the following:

 

1.Participation opportunities are provided in numbers substantially proportionate to their respective enrollments.

 

2.History and continuing practice of program expansion.

 

3.The interests and abilities of the members of that sex have been fully and effectively accommodated by the present program.

 

Term
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act 2009
Definition

 

žIn the United States, women earn about 78 cents for each dollar that a man earns for the same job. 

 

ž

 

žAllows victims of pay discrimination to assert their rights under the Equal Pay Act and Title VII for full compensatory and punitive damages.

 

Term
Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Definition

 

  • žUnlawful to discriminate on the basis of race, color religion, gender or national origin in any employment activity.
  • žIllegal for employers to refuse to hire or deprive individuals their status as an employee due to these classifications

 

Term
Equal Pay Act of 1963
Definition

 

  • žProhibits employers from discriminating on the basis of sex between employees at the same establishment who perform equal work in equivalent positions under similar working conditions
  • žSkill = experience, training, education, ability
  • žEffort = amt. of phys./ment. Exertion to perform job
  • žResponsibility = degree of accountability required

 

To succeed under the EPA, must Show:

 

1.That the jobs are substantially equal.  The EPA does not require that the jobs in question be identical, only that the jobs are substantially equal.

 

 

2.The employer has no affirmative defenses

 

 

Term
Pregnancy Discrimination
Act of
1978
Definition

 

ž“The fundamental physical difference between men and women is the ability to bear children, and childbearing as well as childrearing responsibilities have contributed to bias against women in hiring, promotion, and salaries”

 

 

žProhibits employers from negatively impacting employment or benefits on the basis of pregnancy and childbirth.

 

Term
Substantially Equal
Definition

 

žIn determining whether two jobs are substantially equal, the courts have developed a two-step analysis.

 

 

1.Do the jobs have a ‘common core’ of tasks, i.e., is a significant portion of the two jobs identical. 

 

 

2.If so, the employer must show that the reason for the unequal pay falls within one of the EPA’s four affirmative defenses.

 

 

Term
Four Affirmative Defenses
Definition

 

There is no EPA violation if the reason for the unequal pay is due to:

 

  • —A seniority system
  • —A merit system
  • —A system that measures earnings by quality or quantity of production
  • —Any other factor based on something other than sex

 

Term
Rubric
Definition
Guide used to assess a student's work. They specify the work to be done and let the student know the teacher's expectations for the assessment
Term
Objective vs. Subjective
Definition
Objective has a single specific answer
-T/F
-Multiple Choice
-Matching
Subjective can have more than one correct answer
-Extended response questions and essays
Term
Authentic assessment
Definition
Emphasizes a test taking place in a real world setting
-game like
-cognitive engagement
Term
Product assessment
Definition
Verification and validation of the specified functionality and, if applicable, development cycle. Specified was decided after considering desired, expected, etc.
Term
Process assessment
Definition
Assessment of a newly introduced process subsequent to technology transfer and prior to process validation for the purpose of demonstrating successful operation in the production environment with all normal production factors in place.
Term
Formative and Summative
Definition
-formative assessment is to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning

-draw a concept map in class to represent their understanding of a topic
-submit one or two sentences identifying the main point of a lecture
-turn in a research proposal for early feedback


-summative assessment is to evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it against some standard or benchmark

-a midterm exam
-a final project
-a paper
-a senior recital
Term
Compare and contrast Measurement and evaluation
Definition
Measurement is the process of collecting data on the property or attribute of interest
Evaluation is the process of interpreting the collected measurement and determining some worth or value
Term
How to assess:
Psychomotor factors
Definition
By doing the activity
Term
How to assess:
Cognitive factors
Definition
-Critical thinking
-Assessments of the cognitive capabilities
-Various forms of IQ tests
Term
How to assess:
Affective factors
Definition
Through behavior or participation
Term
Validity of grades
Definition
-Degree of truthfulness of a test score

-Accurately measures the attribute it is designed to measure
Term
Reliability of grades
Definition
-Test that gives consistent results

-If a class of students takes the same test on two different days the score obtained should be about the same
Term
Know rules when constructing different types of cognitive assessment questions
Definition
Term
6 levels of Blooms Taxonomy and purpose of them
Definition
-Knowledge. Remembering information
-Comprehension. Explaining the meaning of information
-Application. Using abstractions in concrete situations
-Analysis. Breaking down a whole into component parts
-Synthesis. Putting parts together to form a new and integrated whole
-Evaluation. Making judgments about the merits of ideas, materials, or phenomena
Term
Morphological fitness
Definition
A non-performance component of fitness related to body composition factors such as body circumferences, body fat content, and regional body fat distribution.
Term
Body Composition
Definition
-Used to describe the percentages of fat, bone, water and muscle in human bodies
-Two people of equal height and body weight may look completely different from each other because they have a different body composition.
Term
Importance of assessing body composition
Definition
-Research has substantiated the relationship between body comp. & overall health

-Excessive body fat increases one’s risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, ect.

-Undesirable body composition can also deter from athletic performance
Term
Principles of hydrostatic weighting
Advantages and disadvantages
Definition
-“underwater weighting”

-Body fat provides more buoyancy so a fatter person weighs les (on a relative basis) than a lean person)

-Highly accurate method of assessing body composition

-Volume of water displaced by his/her bod is recorded

-Expensive

-1000-gallon tank consumes lots of space

-Inappropriate for person with asthma & emphysema

-Obese persons floating
Term
Principles of bioelectric impedence
Advantages and disadvantages
Definition
-Commonly used method for estimating body composition, and in particular body fat
-Measures subject;s resistance to current flow
-A body with more muscle will have more body water which lowers resistance to flow
-A body with more fat has less water and thus greater resistance is measured

-Less invasive than skinfold measurement
-Does not require much training as skinfold
-More easily accepted in some settings

-Price
Term
Principles of skinfold measures
Advantages and disadvantages
Definition
-Presumption that ½ of an adults body fat located in the subcutaneous tissues

-Skinfold thickness measurements taken at selected sites on body

-A skinfold

-Fairly accurate
-Easy to perform
-Inexpensive
Term
Formula for BMI
Definition
( Weight in Pounds / ( Height in inches x Height in inches ) ) x 703

( Weight in Kilograms / ( Height in Meters x Height in Meters ) )
Term
Healthy/Obese levels of BMI and Body Composition for males/females
Definition
-A BMI of 25 or above is considered overweight, 30 or above – obese
Term
Components of cardiorespiratory fitness
Definition
-Regarded as the single most important contributor to overall health-related fitness

-Consists of submaximal exercise endurance, maximal aerobic power, heart and lung functions

-Submaximal exercise endurance is a person’s level of tolerance to low-intensity exercise demands for long periods “stamina”

-Maximal aerobic power is assessed by measuring maximal oxygen consumptions (VO2 max)

-VO2 max
Term
VO2max
Definition
-Maximal oxygen uptake
-Refers to the amount of oxygen your body is capable of utilizing in one minute
-It is a measure of your capacity for aerobic work
Term
Blood pressure
Definition
Measure of the pressure in the arteries exerted by the blood
Term
Systolic pressure
Definition
-The highest pressure
-Pressure in the arteries during contraction of the heart
Term
Diastolic pressure
Definition
-The lowest pressure
-Pressure in the arteries when the heart is filling
Term
Hypertension
Definition
-High blood pressure
-140/90 mmHg or above most of the time
Term
Hypotension
Definition
-Low blood pressure occurs when blood pressure is much lower than normal
-Below 90/60 mmHg
Term
Healthy blood pressure level
Definition
120/80
Term
Healthy blood cholesterol level
Definition
Below 200 mg/dL
Term
Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness
Definition
1. Assess a client’s current fitness status (VO2max).

2. Create an individualized exercise program based on maximal endurance capacity.

3. Provide feedback on a client’s progress throughout a training program.

4. Provide information to educate and motivate a client.

5. Identify specific limitations (e.g., musculoskeletal) or needs that can affect exercise program design.

6. Under certain circumstances (i.e., maximal exercise testing), evaluate adverse cardiovascular responses to exercise or identify cardiovascular disease risk.
Term
PAR-Q
Definition
-Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire

-1-page form to see if you should check with your doctor before becoming much more physically active.
Term
Relationship of musculoskeletal fitness to health
Definition
Relationship exists with functional health and well-being

Prescription (average healthy adult) = 8-10 exercises involving all major muscle groups, 2-3 times per week, 8-12 (near exhaustion reps)

ACSM also strongly endorses flexibility

Why develop strong & flexible muscles
-Increase muscle and joint stability
-Prevention of lower back pain
-Strengthen bones
-Prevent injuries during a fall or accident
-Maintain proper posture
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