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Exam #2
Ch.6 Learning
52
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/09/2011

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Term
Learning
Definition
Any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that's due to experience.
Term
Conditioning
Definition
Involves learning associations between events that occur in an organism's environment.
Term
Resistance to Extinction
Definition
When an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated
Term
Skinner Box
Definition
A small enclosure in which an animal can make specific response that's systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.
Term
Shaping
Definition
The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.
Term
Avoidance Learning
Definition
An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring.
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.
Term
"Psychic Reflex"
Definition
Conditioned reflex
Term
"Psychic Reflex"
Definition
Conditioned reflex
Term
Neutral Stimulus
Definition
Doesn't originally produce the response of salivation.
Term
Phobias
Definition
Irrational fears of specific objects or situations.
Term
Immune Suppression
Definition
A decrease in the production of antibodies.
Term
Stimulus C
Definition
Term
nguity
Definition
Term
Stimulus Contiguity
Definition
Occurring together in time and space.
Term
Basic Law of Generalization
Definition
The more similar new stimuli are to the original CS, the greater the likelihood of generalization.
Term
Stimulus Generalization
Definition
Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
When a response is strengthened because it's followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.
Term
Trial
Definition
Classical Conditioning consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli.
Term
Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning)
Definition
A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
Term
Unconditioned Association
Definition
Doesn't have to be created through conditioning.
Term
Acquisition
Definition
Refers to the initial stage of learning a new response tendency
Term
Escape Learning
Definition
An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation
Term
Punishment
Definition
When an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
Term
Preparedness
Definition
Involves species- specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others
Term
Renewal Effect
Definition
If a response is extinguished in a different environment that it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
Term
Extinction
Definition
The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.
Term
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Definition
A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.
Term
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Definition
An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Definition
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
Term
Behavioral Contract
Definition
A written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program
Term
Behavior Modification
Definition
A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
When an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
When a response is strengthened because it's followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
Term
Variable-Ratio Schedule (VR)
Definition
The reinforcer is given after a variable # of nonreinforced responses
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
When an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response
Term
Reinforcement Contingencies
Definition
Circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
Term
Schedule of Reinforcement
Definition
A specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time
Term
Cumulative Recorder
Definition
Creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a skinner box as a function of time
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
Learning that's not apparent from behavior when it first occurs
Term
Discriminative Stimuli
Definition
Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement)of a response
Term
Stimulus Discrimination
Definition
When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus doesn't respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
Term
Higher-order conditioning
Definition
A conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
Term
Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule
Definition
The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. The interval length varies around a predetermined average
Term
Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule
Definition
The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed
Term
Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule
Definition
The reinforcer is given after a fixed # of nonreinforced responses
Term
Intermittent Reinforcement
Definition
Occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.
Term
Continuous Reinforcement
Definition
When every instance of a designated response is reinforced
Term
Secondary/Conditioned Reinforcers
Definition
Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
Term
Primary Reinforcers
Definition
Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
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