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Exam #1
Head, Face, Cervival Spine, Concussions
49
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/04/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Coup
Definition
relatively stationary skull is hit by an object traveling at a high velocity, results in trauma on the side where struck
Term
contrecoup
Definition
skul is moving at a relatively high speed and suddenly stopped, injury on the opposite side that was struck
Term
repeated subconcussive forces
Definition
receiving repeated nontraumatic blows to the head, or history of repeated concussions
Term
rotational or shear forces
Definition
sudden twisting forces or acceleration or deceleration can disrupt neural activity and result in concussion symptoms
Term
Levels of Conciousness: Alertness
Definition
readily aroused, orientated and fully aware of surroundings
Term
Levels of Conciousness: Confusion
Definition
memory is impaired, confused/disoriented
Term
Levels of Conciousness: Lethargy
Definition
drowsy, inattentive, responds to name, loses train of thought, shows decreased spontaneous movement, has sow/fuzzy thinking
Term
Levels of Conciousness: Obtundity
Definition
responds to loud voice or shaking, withdraws from painful stimulus, confused when aroused, talks in monosyllabes, mumbles/incoherent, needs constant stimuli to cooperate
Term
Levels of Conciousness: Stupor
Definition
responds to painful stimulus, shaking, groans/mumbles, exhibits reflexes
Term
Levels of Conciousness: Coma
Definition
does not respond to painful or any other stimuli
Term
Battle's sign
Definition
ecchymosis over the mastoid process, may indicate a basilar fracture (may take up to 24 hours to appear)
Term
Cranial Nerve #1
Definition
Olfactory, Sensory, Smell
Term
Cranial Nerve #2
Definition
Optic, Sensory, Vision
Term
Cranial Nerve #3
Definition
Occulomotor, Motor, Pupil reaction and size, elevation of eyelid, eye adduction and downward rolling
Term
Cranial Nerve #4
Definition
Trochlear, Motor, Upward Eye Rolling
Term
Cranial Nerve #5
Definition
Trigeminal, Both, Muscles of mastication, sensation of nose, forehead, temple, scalp, lips, tongue and lower jaw
Term
Cranial Nerve #6
Definition
Abducens, Motor, Lateral Eye Movement
Term
Cranial Nerve #7
Definition
Facial, Both, Muscles of expression, taste
Term
Cranial Nerve #8
Definition
Vestibulocochlear, Sensory, Equilibrium and Hearing
Term
Cranial Nerve #9
Definition
Glossopharyngeal, Both, Pharyngeal muscles, Taste
Term
Cranial Nerve #10
Definition
Vagus, Both, Muscles of pharynx and larynx, gag reflex
Term
Cranial Nerve #11
Definition
Accessory, Motor, Trapezius and Sternocleidomastoid muscles
Term
Cranial Nerve #12
Definition
Hypoglossal, Motor, Tongue movement
Term
saddle nose deformity
Definition

[image]

an untreated septal hematoma and its infection causing necrosis of the nasal cartilage can result in deformity of the nose

Term
Decerebrate Posture
Definition

extension of the extremeties and the retraction of the head

(lesion of the brain stem, also possibly secondary to heat stroke)

Term
Decorticate Posture
Definition

flexion of the elbows and wrists, clenched fists, and extension of lower extremities

(lesion above the brain stem)

Term
Flexion Contracture
Definition

arms flexed across the chest

(spinal cord lesion at the C5-C6 level)

Term
Apneustic Respiration
Definition
prolonged inspiration unrelieved by attemprs to exhale - trauma to the pons
Term
Biots Respiration
Definition
periods of apnea followed by hyperventilation - increased intercranial pressure
Term
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
Definition
periods of apnea followed by breaths of increasing depth and frequency
Term
Slow Respiration
Definition
respirations consisting of fewer than 12 breaths per minute - CNS disruption
Term
Thoracic Respiration
Definition
respiration in which the diaphragm is inactive and breathing occurs only through expansion of the chest; normal abdominal movement is absent - disruption of the phrenic nerve or its nerve roots
Term
Accelerated Pulse
Definition
pulse greater than 150 BPM, pressure on the base of the brain; shock
Term
bounding pulse
Definition
pulse that quickly reaches a higher intensity than normal, then quickly disappears - ventricular systole and reduced peripheral pressure
Term
Deficit pulse
Definition
pulse in which the number of beats counted at the radial pulse is less than that counted over the heart itself - cardiac arrhythmia
Term
high tension pulse
Definition
pulse in which the force of the beat is increased; an increased amount of pressure is required to inhibit the radial pulse - cerebral trauma
Term
low tension pulse
Definition
short, fast, faint pulse having a rapid decline - heart failure; shock
Term
Tongue Blade Test
Definition

1. Place tongue blade in the patient's mouth

2. As the patient attempts to hold the tongue blade in place, the examiner twists the blade

 

+ = The patient is unable to maintain a firm bite or pain is elicited

Indicates: Possible mandibular fracture

Term
Romberg's Test
Definition

1. Patient shuts the eyes and abducts the arms to 90 degrees with elbows extended

2. the patient tilts the head backward and lifts one foot off the ground while atttempting to maintain balance

3. If this is adequately completed, patient is asked to touch the index finger to the nose (with eyes remaining closed)

 

+ = display of gross unsteadiness

indicates: cranial nerve 8 dysfunction, concussion

Term
Tandem walking
Definition

1. The patient walks heel-to-toe along the straight line for approximately 10 yards

2. The patient returns to the starting position by walking backward

 

+ = unable to maintain steady balance

indicates: cerebral or inner ear dysfunction that inhibits balance

Term
Balance Error Scoring System (BESS)
Definition

Patient is barefoot, with eyes closed/hands on hips, and performs each stance twice for 20 seconds; first time on firm surface, and then while on foam surface

  1. Double leg stance
  2. Single leg stance - stand on non dominant leg, non weight bearing hip flexed 20-30 degrees and knee flexed to 40-50 degrees
  3. Tandem leg stance - nondominant behind dominant leg in a heel-to-toe manner

errors include any lifting of hands, opening eyes, stepping/stumbling/falling, moving the hip into more than 30 defrees of flexion or abduction, lifting foot or heel

 

indicates: impaired cerebral function

Term
Halo Test
Definition
  1. Fold a piece of sterile gauze into a triangle
  2. using the point of the gauze, collect a sample of the fluid leaking from the ear or nose and allow it to be absorbed by gauze

+ = a pale yellow "halo" will form around the sample on the gauze

indicates: CSF leakage, indicative of skull fracture, frontal and ethmoid bones most commonly involved

Term
Fluorescent Dye Test for Corneal Abrasions
Definition
  1. Soak fluorescein strip with sterile saline solution
  2. lightly touch the wet fluorescein strip to the conjunctiva of the lower eyelid for a few seconds
  3. avoid placing the strip directly on the cornea
  4. ask the patient to blink the eye a few times to spread the solution
  5. darken the room and use a cobalt blue light to illuminate the eye

+ = when viewed with cobalt blue light, corneal abrasions appear as a bright yellow-green pattern on the eye

 

indicates: corneal abrasion

Term
retrograde amnesia
Definition
inability to recall events before the onset of injury
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
cannon remember events after the onset of the injury
Term
cognitive function
Definition
behavior, analytical skills, information processing
Term
spring test/cervical joint play
Definition
  1. have athlete prone
  2. thumbs placed on spinous process, pushes anteriorly feeling for spring of vertebrae

+ = no movement, or pain is ilicited

 

indicates: hypermobility/hypomobility, ligament sprain

Term
Babinski's Test
Definition
  1. Athlete is supine
  2. examiner runs device up plantar aspect of foot making an arc from the calcaneus medially to the ball of the great toe

in the presence of normal innervation, the toes should curl

 

+ = the great toe extends and the other toes splay

 

indicates: upper motor neuron lesion, caused by brain or spinal cord trauma or pathology

Term
Oppenheim's Test
Definition
  1. Supine
  2. a blunt object or the examiner's fingernail is run along the crest of the anteromedial tibia

+ = the great toes extends and the other toes splay or the patient reports hypersensitivity to the test

 

indicates: upper motor neuron lesion caused by brain/spinal cord trauma or pathology

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