Term
| When should you wash your hands? |
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Definition
| After all experiments, even if there were no chemicals involved |
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Term
| How do you mix acid and water? |
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Definition
| Slowly pour acid into the water |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the composition and structure of matter and the changes it undergoes |
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Term
| Explain why Chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events |
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Definition
| all of living and nonliving things are matter (and chemistry is the study of that matter!) |
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Term
| How did Lavoisier, the father of modern chemistry, transform chemistry? |
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Definition
| From a science of observation to a science of measurement |
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Term
| What is a manipulated variable? |
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Definition
| the experimenter changes – independent |
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Term
| What is a responding variable? |
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Definition
| the variable that is observed – dependent |
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Term
| What is the difference between observations and conclusions and scientific laws? |
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Definition
Observations are made by using the senses Conclusions – statements that summarize the results of the experiment Scientific Laws – summarize the results of many experiments |
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Term
| What are the two general steps in successful problem solving? |
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Definition
| Develop a plan and implement the plan |
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Term
| What is a physical property? |
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Definition
| A quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition |
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Term
| Describe the volume and the shape of the three states of matter |
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Definition
| Solid – definite shape and volumeLiquid – no definite shape but a definite volumeGas – no definite shape or volume |
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Term
| What are physical changes? |
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Definition
| Changes in matter with out changing the composition |
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Term
| List 9 terms describing physical changes |
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Definition
| Boil, melt, freeze, condense, break, split, grind, cut, and crush |
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Term
| Name, describe and give and example of the two types of mixtures |
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Definition
Homogenous – uniform in composition – solutions – Salt water, sport drinks Heterogeneous – not uniform in composition – soil, beef stew |
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Term
| Distinguish between the two types of matter classified as substances (pure). How are each represented? |
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Definition
| Elements: simplest form of matter - Symbols Compounds: substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion - Formulas |
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Term
| What is a chemical change? |
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Definition
| Changes that produce matter with a different composition than the original matter |
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Term
| List 6 terms describing chemical properties (changes). |
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Definition
| Burn, rot, rust, decompose, ferment, explode, corrode |
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Term
What law explains when a physical change or a chemical reaction occurs the mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products? |
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Definition
| Law of conservation of matter |
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Term
| Give the four clues that a chemical change (reaction has occurred) |
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Definition
a) Transfer of energy ( temperature changes) b) A change in color c) Production of a gas d) Formation of a precipitate |
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Term
What are the base units for: mass length amount of substance time temperature |
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Definition
Kilogram Meter Mole Second Kelvin |
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Term
| What is the formal for finding Kelvin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four major statements of Dalton's Atomic Theory? |
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Definition
- All elements are composed of atoms - Atoms of the same element are identical -Atoms chemically combine to form compounds in small whole # ratios - Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or arranged |
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Term
| What destinguishes atoms of one element from other elements? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the relative mass and charge of electrons, protons, and nuetrons |
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Definition
Electrons- charge of -1 and mass 1/1836 Protons- charge of 1+ and mass of 1(almost = to nuetron) Nuetron- charge of 0 and mass of 1 (almost = to proton) |
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Term
| 2 Major conclusions of Rutherford's gold foil experiment |
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Definition
Mostly empty space and Small dense, positively charged core (nucleus) |
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Term
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Definition
Atoms of the same element but different number of nuetrons (same # of protons and nuetrons) |
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Term
What is the atomic mass of an element? |
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Definition
| the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occuring sample of an element |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of energy required to move an electron from on energy level to another |
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Term
| The Quantum Mechanical Model is: |
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Definition
| the modern model of atomic structure |
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Term
| Configurations and Diagrams are: |
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Definition
the arrangement of electrons in the various orbitals around the nucleus and boxes showing the arrangement of electrons |
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Term
| List the 3 rules that govern the writing of electron configurrations and orbital diagrams. |
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Definition
1. Aufbau Principle- electrons occupy lowest energy orbitals first 2. Pauli Exclusion Principle- only 2 electrons in an orbital- opposite spins 3. Hund's Rule- when filling orbitals of equal energy, one electron in each orbital before a second is added |
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Term
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Definition
| mixtures composed of 2 or more elements, one is a metal |
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