Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Exam IV
Idk what to call it
129
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
11/01/2014

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the parts of the right lung? The left?
Definition

-R: cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory lobes

-L: cranial and caudal lobes

Term
Definition: Principal Bronchi
Definition

-trachea bifurcates into left and right principal bronchi

**on left of animal from esophagus

Term
Definition: Carina
Definition
-the partition b/n the principal bronchi at their origin from the trachea
Term
Definition: Lobar bronchi
Definition
-each principal bronchus divides into lobar bronchi that supply the lobes of the lung, have cartilage rings within their walls
Term
Definition: Pulmonary veins
Definition

-contain red latex

-usually a single vein from each lobe that drains directly into the left atrium of the heart

**contains oxygenated blood

Term
Definition: Pulmonary arteries
Definition

-pulmonary trunk supplies each lung with a pulmonary artery

-left pulmonary a (at root of lung) usually lies cranially to the left principal bronchus

-right pulmonary a is ventral to the right principal bronchus

Term
Definition: Trachiobroncheal Lymph Node
Definition

-located at the burfircation of the tracha and also farther out on the bronchi

-FIND FIELD

Term
What are the 5 lung ipressions?
Definition

-Aortic

-Esophageal

-Caudal Vena Cava

-Azygos Vein

-Costal

Term
Definition: Cardiac notch
Definition

-on the right lung at the fourth and fifth intercostal spaces

-the apex of the notch is continuous with the fissure between cranial and middle lobes

Term
Definition: Cranial Vena Cava
Definition

-formed by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins at the thoracic inlet

-drains into the right atrium

Term
Definition: External Jugular Vein
Definition
-formed by the confluence of the linguofacial and maxillary veins caudal to the mandibular salivary gland (which lies b/n these veins)
Term
Definition: Azygos Vein
Definition

-usually the last branch entering the cranial vena cava is the right azygos veins

-originates in the abdomen; collects all the dorsal intercostal veins on each side as far as cranially as the third or fourth intercostal space

ONLY RIGHT IN THE DOG

Term
Definition: Thoracic Lymphatic Duct
Definition

-the chief channel for the return of lymph from the lymphatics to the venous system

-begins in sublumbar region b/n crura of diaphragm, runs cranially on right dorsal border of thoracic aorta/ventral border of thoracic aorta/ventral border of the azygos vein to T6, continues cranioventrally through cranial mediastinum to left brachiocephalic veins

-also receives lymph drainage from the left TL and left tracheal trunk

Term
Definition: Ascending Aorta
Definition

-large, unpaired vessel that emerges from the left ventricle medial to the pulmonary trunk

-covered by pericardium

-right and left corony arteries are branches of this and supply the heart muscle

Term
Definition: Aortic Arch
Definition
-ascending aorta makes a shape bend dorsally and to the left as the aortic arch
Term
Definition: Descending Aorta
Definition
-part of aortic arch that runs caudally; located ventral to the vertebrae
Term
Definition: Brachiocephalic trunk
Definition

-first branch from the aortic arch, passing obliquely to the righ across the ventral surface of the trachea

-gives rise to left common carotid artery and terminates as the righ common carotid artery and right subclavian artery

Term
Definition: Subclavian arteries
Definition

-Left: originates from aortic arch beyond the level of the brachiocephalic trunk and passes obliquely to the left across the ventral surface of the esophagus

-Right: has 4 branches that arise medial to the first rib or intercostal space

Term
Definition: Vertebral Artery
Definition

>terminates by entering vertebral canal through the lateral vertebral foramen and contributes to the ventral spinal and basilar arteries

-supplies muscular branches to the cervical muscles and spinal branches at each intervertebral foramen to the spinal cord and its coverings

Term
Definition: Costocervical trunk
Definition

-arises distal to the vertebrala artery, crosses its lateral side, and extends dorsally as far as the vertebral end of the first rib

-supplies the structures of the first, second, and third intercostal spaces, mm at base of neck, and mm dorsal to the first few thoracic vertebrae

Term
Definition: Superficial Cervical Artery
Definition

-arises from subclacian opposite the origin of the internal thoracic artery, medial to first rib

-emerges from thoracic inlet to supply the base of the neck and te adjacent scapular region

Term
Definition: Phrenic Nerves
Definition

-arises from ventral branches if the C5-7

-both motor and sensory to the corresponding half of the diaphragm excepts at its periphery

Term
Definition: Intercostal nerves
Definition

-ventral branches of the first 12 thoracic spinal nerves

-have lateral and ventral cutaneous branches and branches medial to these that go largely to the mm

Term
Definition: Intercostal arteries
Definition

-dorsal 1st 3 come from a branch of the costocervical trunk

-last 9 come from the aorta

-ventral: from internal thoracic artery and vein

Term
Definition: Lateral thoracic artery, vein, and nerve
Definition

-emerge from axilla between the latissimus dorsi and deep pectoral muscles

-nerve: motor to the cutaneous trunci (on ventral border)

Term
Definition: Cranial epigastric artery
Definition

terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery that emerges from the thorax in the angle between the costal arch and sternum

-gives rise to the cranial superficial epigastric artery

Term
Definition: Cranial superficial epigastric artery
Definition

-perforates the muscle and runs caudally on its external surface

-supplies the skin over the rectus abdominis and the caudal thoracic/cranial abdominal mammae.

Term
Definition: Axillary lymph nodes
Definition

-lies dorsal to the deep pectoral muscle and caudal to the large axillary vein coming from the arm

-lymph vessels of the thoracic wall and deep structures of the limb drain into this node.

Term
Definition: Thymus
Definition

-a bi-lobed, compressed structure situated in the cranial mediastinum

-largest in the young dog and atrophies with age until only a trace remains

-caudal part of the thymus is molded on the cranial surface of the pericardium

Term
Definiition: Transversus thoracis muscle
Definition

-a flat, fleshy muscle on the medial surface of the costal cartilages of ribs 2-8

-Its fascicles extend from the costochondral junctions to the sternum.

Term
Definition and Parts: Mediastinal pleaurae
Definition

-layers that cover the sides of the partition between the 2 pleural cavities. -Mediastinum includes the two mediastinal pleurae and the space between them; encloses, the lymph nodes, the heart, the aorta, the trachea, the esophagus, the vagus nerves and the other nerves and vessels

=>Cranial part: lying cranial to the heart

=>Middle part: contains the heart

=>Dorsal part: dorsal to the heart

=>Ventral protion: ventral to the heart

=>Caudal part: lying caudal to the heart

-Pericardial mediastinal pleura is the portion covering the heart

Term
Definition and Parts: Pleurae
Definition

-serous membranes that cover the lungs and line the walls of the thorax. -Pulmonary or visceral pleura: closely attaches to the surfaces of the lungs, following all their small irregularities as well as the fissures that separate the two lobes.

-Parietal pleura:thoracic wall by the endothelial fascia

-Costal pleura: covers the inner surfaces of the ribs and their associated intercostal and transversus thoracis muscles

-Diaphragmatic pleura: covers the cranial surface of the diaphragm

-Mediastinal pleura: the layers that cover the sides of the partition between the two pleural cavities.

Term
What is the function of the thymus?
Definition
-provides a protected environment for the maturation of T-lymphocytes
Term
What is the significance of axillary lymph node enlargement?
Definition
-suggests a possible infection in the thoracic wall and deep structure of the limb
Term
Definition: Cervicothoracic ganglion
Definition
-formed by a collection of cell bodies from a fusion of the caudal cervical ganglion and the first two or three thoracic ganglia
Term
Definition: Brachial plexus
Definition

-Rami communicans connect to the ventral branches T1-2 and C7/8

-provides a pathway for postganglionic axons to reach the thoracic limb

Term
Definition; Vertebral nerve
Definition

-source of postganglionic axons C1-6 from corresponding vertebral nn

-a branch or plexus from the cervicothoracic ganglion following the vertebral artery through the transvers foramina

Term
Definition: Ansa subclavia
Definition
cranial to the cervical sympathetic trunk divides to form a loop, ansa subclavian, around the subclavian artery
Term
Definition: Middle cervical ganglion
Definition

-the two branches of the ansa subclavia loop unite here

-lies at the junction of the ansa and the vagosympathetic trunk (appears as a swelling of the combined structures)

Term
Definition: Cardiac nerves
Definition
-leave the ansa and middle cervical ganglion and course to the heart
Term
Definiton: Vagosympathetic trunk
Definition

-in the neck, lies in the carotid sheath

-sympathetic portion carries preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic axons cranially to structures in the head

Term
Defintion: Cranial cervical ganglion
Definition
-located at the cranial end of the vagosympathetic nerve trunk
Term
Definition and Parts: Vagus Nerve
Definition

-cranial nerve X:

=>supplies thoracic and abdominal organs, cardiac nn of heart, bronchi

-Dorsal and Ventral branches- between the azygos vein and the right bronchus on the right and the area just caudal to the base of the heart on the left

-Ventral vagal trunk- the right and left branches unite with each other to form this

-Dorsal vagal trunk- the dorsal branches of each vagus do not unite until farther caudally near the diaphragm, to form this (li   es dorsal to the esophagus)

Term
Definition: Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Definition
-at the aortic arch, leaves vagus n--> curves medially around aortic arch--> attaches to ventrolateral aspect of trachea--> then up to larynx
Term
Definition: Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Definition
-slightly caudal to middle cervical ganglion, leaves the vagus, curves dorsocranially around the right subclavian a, reaches dorsolateral surface of the trachea, and courses craniall to larynx
Term
Definition: Caudal laryngeal nerve
Definition
-each recurrent nerve sends branches to the heart, trachea, and esophagus before terminating in the laryngeal muscles
Term
Definition and Parts: Pericardium
Definition

-fibroserous covering of the heart

-Parts: inner parietal serous pericardium, middle fibrous pericardium, outer pericardial mediastinal pleura

Term
Defection: Right atrium
Definition

-lies dorsocranial to the RV

-receives blood from the systemic vv and most of the blood from the heart

Term
Definition: Atrioventricular valve
Definition
-valve b/n an atrium and ventricle
Term
Definition: Pulmonary valve
Definition
-at the junction between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk, consists of three semilunar cusps
Term
Definition: Left atrium
Definition
-situated on the left dorsocaudal part of the base of the heart dorsal to the left ventricle
Term
Definition: Valve of the foramen ovale
Definition

-thin concave fold of tissue present on the cranial part of the interatrial septal wall

-remnant of the passageway for blood from the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetus (foramen ovale)

Term
Definition: Left atrioventricular valve
Definition

-located between left atrium and ventricle

-composed of two major cusps, the septal and parietal

Term
Definition: Ligamentum arteriosum
Definition
-ibrous connection between the pulmonary trunk and aorta just caudal to the left subclavian artery
Term
Definition: Aortic valve
Definition

-between left ventricle and aorta

-consists of three semilunar cusps.

Term
Definition: Right coronary artery
Definition
-leaves the right sinus of the aorta, encircles the right side of the heart in the coronary groove and often extends to the subsinuosal interventricular groove
Term
Definition: Left coronary artery
Definition

-is about twice as large as the right

-short trunk that leaves the left sinus and immediately terminates in a circumflex branch and a paraconal interventricular branch

Term
Definition; Coronary sinus
Definition
-dilated terminal end of the great cardiac vein (begins in the paraconal interventricular sulcus, returns blood supplied to the heart by the left coronary artery)
Term
Definition: Subclavian artery
Definition
-1st part of main artery to the thoracic limb (terminal branch of brachiocephalic), this extends from its origin to the first rib
Term
Definition: Axillary artery
Definition
-from the 1st rib to the conjoined tendons of the teres major and the latissimus dorsi, 2nd part of main artery to thoracic limb (terminal branch of brachiocephalic)
Term
Definition; Superficial cervical lymph node
Definition

lies on the serratus ventralis and scalenus cranial to the supraspinatus, covered by the omotransversarius and the brachiocephalicus

- receive the afferent lymph vessels from the superficial part of the lateral surface of the neck, the caudal surface of the head (including the ear and pharynx) and the thoracic limb

Term
Definition: Subscapular artery
Definition

-larger than the continuation of the axillary in the arm

-passes caudodorsally between the subscapularis and the teres major and become subcutaneous near the caudal angle of the scapula

Term
Definition: Thoracodorsal artery
Definition

-leaves the dorsal surface of the subscapular near its origin

-->supplies a part of the teres major and latissimus dorsi and ends in the skin.

Term
Definition; Collateral ulnar ligament
Definition

-a caudal branch of the brachial in the distal third of the arm

=>supplies the triceps, the ulnar nerve, and the elbow

Term
Definition: Superficial brachial artery
Definition
-loops around the cranial surface of the distal end of the biceps brachii, deep to the cephalic vein
Term
Definition: Cranial superficial antebrachial artery
Definition

-continuation of superficial brachial artery (medial and lateral ramus arise from this)

-->supply blood to the dorsum of the forepaw via the dorsal common digital arteries

Term
Definition: Transverse cubital artery
Definition
-supplies the elbow and adjacent muscles
Term
Definition: Caudal Vena Cava
Definition

-continuation of the cranial vena cava on the roof of the abdomen

-formed by the union of the left and right common iliac viens

Term
Definition: Common Carotid aa
Definition

-in carotid sheath and runs along the trachea

-includes: caudal thyroid a, cranial thyroid a, internal carotid a, external carotid a, occipital a, cranial laryngeal a, lingual a, fascial a, sublingual a, caudal auricular a, superficial temporal a, maxillary a

Term
Definition: Internal Thoracic Artery
Definition

-third branch of the aortic arch

-->curves ventrally within the mediastinum to pass b/n the transversus thoracis and sternum--> follows the sternum and tunnels below the diaphragm to continue as the cranial epigastric a

Term
What is the significance of the cardiac notch in blood collection?
Definition

-on the right lung at the 4th-5th intercostal spaces

-is continuous with the fissure between cranial and middle lobes, thus allowing a clear path to the ventral convexity of the heart (direct to the right ventricle)

Term
What is the recommeded site for thoracocentesis?
Definition

-midway between the shoulder and the elbow

-L: b/n 7=8th intercostal space

-R: b/n 6-7th intercostal space

Term

What are the unique functions of the following:

a) coronary artery

b) bronchial arteries

c) pulmonary arteries

d) pulmonary veins

Definition

a) supply the mm of the heart

b) supply the lobes of the lungs

c) take deoxygenated blood from the RV to the lungs

d) take oxygenated blood from lungs to the LA

Term
Definition: Auricular surface
Definition
-surface of heart facing the left thoracic wall
Term
Definition: Atrial surface
Definition
-surface of heart facing the right thoracic wall
Term
Definition: Paraconal interventricular groove
Definition
-groove begins at the base of the pulmonary trunk abd traverses the auricular surface (covered by the left auricle)
Term

Definition: lies on the caudal ascpet of the atrial surface ventral to the coronary sinus that enters the RA

-contains the terminal branch of the left coronary a

Definition
Term
Definition: Lateral Thoracic artery
Definition

-runs caudally across the lateral surface of the axillary lymph node and along the dorsal border of the deep pectoral ventral to the latissmus dorsi

-arises from the axilary a distal to the external thoracic

Term
Definition: Suprascapular n
Definition

-branch of C6/7 b/n the supraspinatus and subscapularis mm near the neck of the scapula

=>supplies the supraspinatus and  infraspinatus mm

Term
Definition: Subscapular n
Definition

-a branch of C6/7

-supplies subscapularis

Term
Definition: Musculocutaneous n
Definition

-arises from C6-8

-supplies corachobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis

Term
Definition: Axillary n
Definition

-arises as a branch from C7/8

-enters space b/n the subscapularis and the teres major on a level with the neck of the scapula

-supplies by the axillary n, teres major, teres minor, deltoideus, part of subscapularis

Term
Definition: Thoracodorsal n
Definition

-arises primarily from C8 n

-supplies the latissmus dorsi m

Term
Definition: Radial n
Definition

-arises from the last two cervical and first two thoracic spinal nn, runs a short distance distally with the trunk of the median and ulnar nn and enters triceps distal to the teres major

-motor to all extensor mm of the elbow, carpal, and phalangeal joints: trceps, tensor fasciae antebrachii, and anconeus

Term
Definition: Median n
Definition

-cranial division of the common trunk, runs to the antebrachium in contact with the caudal surface of the brachial artery

-mm of the forearm and to the skin of the palmar surface of the paw

Term
Definition: Ulnar n
Definition

-caudal division of the common trunk, searates from the median n in the distal arm and crosses the elbow caudal to the medial epicondule of the humerus

-supplies flexors and sensory to caudal aspect of antebrachium

Term
Definition: Cephalic v
Definition
-begins on the palmar side of the paw from the superficial palmar venous arch, runs deep to the brachiocephalicus and enters the external jugular near the thoracic inlet
Term
Definition: Accessory cephalic v
Definition
-arises from small veins on the dorsum of the paw and joins the cephalic on the cranial surface of the distal third of the forearm
Term
: Definition: Median cubital v
Definition
-the surface of the elbow, this forms a connection b/n the cephalic and brachial v
Term
Definition: Brachial artery
Definition
-in the forearm, gives rise to the common interosseous and continues as the median a
Term
Definition:Median a
Definition
-exends to the superficial palmar arch of the manus
Term
Definition: Common interosseus a
Definition
-short and passes to the proximal part of the interosseous space b/n the radius and ulna before dividing into three branches (ulnar a, caudal interosseus a, and cranial interosseous a)
Term
Definition: Median a
Definition

-the continuation of the brachial a beyond the origin of the common interosseous

**principal source of blood to the manus

Term
Definition: Superficial palmar arch
Definition

-this arch gives rise to the palmar common digital aa

-courses to the palmar surface of the manus

Term
Definition: Radial a
Definition
-arises from the medial side of the media a in the middle of the forearm; follows the medial border of the radius
Term
Where are arterial injections made in the brachium?
Definition
-into the brachial a
Term
Definition: Autonomous zone
Definition
-the area of skin innervated solely by a specific peripheral n with no overlap from adjacen nn
Term
Definition: Cutaneous area
Definition
-the entire area of skin innervated by a peripheral n
Term
Definition and Parts: Radial n
Definition

-supplies the extensors of the elbow, carpus, and digital jnts AND sensory to the skin on cranial and lateral surfaces of forearm and dorsal surface of carpus

-Deep branch: crosses the medial surface of the extensor carpi radialis and courses into the forearm with the brachialis m

-Superficial branch: divides into 3 branches, one following the cranial superficial antebrachial a to cephalic vein, one following lateral side of sephalic v, and enters forearm with cranial superficial antebrachial a

Term
Definition: Median n
Definition

-runs distally into the antebrachium with the brachial a, passes through the carpal canal with the median a

-branches to supply sensory to palmar surface of the forepaw

-innervates pronator teres, pronator quadratus, flexor carpi radialis, superficial digital flexor, radial head/ulnar head of deep digital flexor

**no autonomous zone

Term
Definition and Parts: Ulnar n
Definition

-diverges caudally from the median n at distal third of the arm and enters the antebrachial mm caudal to the medial epicondyle

-distributes to flexor carpi ulnaris and unlar/humeral heads of DDF

-Dorsal branch: arises and becomes subcutaneous on lateral surface=> supplies lateral surface of metacarpus and 5th digit

-Palmar branch: on deep surface of flexor carpi ulnaris then enters lateral side of carpal canal and divides into superficial and deep branches => sensory to palmar surface of forepaw and motor to intrinsic mm of forepaw

Term
Note: Arteries that supply the superficial part of the ventral abdominal wall are branches of the superficial epigastric aa (origin= cranial epigastric)
Definition
Term
Definition: External pudendal artery
Definition

-originates from the pudendoepigastric trunk emerges from the superficial inguinal ring corses caudoventrally to the cranial border of the gracilis

=>small branches supply labia (female) and scrotum (male)

Term
Definition: Caudal superficial epigastric a
Definition

-large continuation of the external pudendal a dorsal to the superficial inguinal lymph node, runs cranially to the deep surface of the inguinal mamma and supplies the mammary branches

=>in male: supplies the prepuse

Term
Definition: Superficial Inguinal Lymph Node
Definition

-lie adjacent to the caudal superficial epigastric vessels and cranial to their origin from the external pudendal vessels, course through inguinal canal

=>drain the mammae, prepuse, scrotum, and ventral abdominal wall cranially to the umbilicus

Term
Definition: Abdominal wall vascular supply
Definition
-cranial abdominal a (craniodorsal) + cranial epigastric a (cranioventral) + caudal epigastric a (caudoventral) _ deep circumflex iliac a (caudodorsal)
Term
Definition: Deep circumflex iliac a
Definition

-cranial to the cranioventral iliac spine, perforate the internal abdominal oblique and appear superficially; arises from the aorta

=>supplies caudodorsal abdominal wall

Term
Definition: Lateral cutaneous femoral n
Definition

-cranial to cranioventral iliac spine, perforate internal abdominal oblique and apear superficially; arises from 4th lumbar spinal n

=>cutaneous to cranial and lateral surfaces of the thigh

Term
Definition: Genitofemoral n
Definition

-arises from ventral branches of the 3rd and 4th lumbar nn; bound by fascia to the external pudendal v medial to the spermatic cord

=>innervates cremaster m, skin covering the inguinal region and proximal medial thigh of both sexes, and part of prepuce in male

Term
Definition: Cremaster m
Definition
-surrounded by spermatic fascia; arises from the caudal free border of the internal abdominal oblique and attaches to the baginal tunic near the testis
Term
Definition and parts: Vaginal Process
Definition

-a diverticulum of the peritoneum present in both sexes

=>Parietal vaginal tunic: the outer layer of vaginal tunic; extends from the deep inguinal ring to the bottom of the scrotum

=>Visceral vaginal tunic: closely fused with the testis and epididymis; surrounds the ductus deferense; deep to parietal vaginal tunic

Term
Definition: Mesorchium
Definition
-the connecting mesentery of the testis that contains the vessels and nn of the testis
Term
Definition: Mesoductus deferens
Definition
-the connecting mesentery that attaches the ductus deferens to the body wall proximally and the mesorchium distally; contains a, v, and n of the ductus deferens
Term
Definition: Spermatic cord
Definition

-(ductus deferens + testicular a + testicular v)

-carried through the inguinal canal by the descent of the testis

Term
Definition: Ductus deferens
Definition

-carries the spermatozoa from the epididymis to the urethra; arises from the tail of the epididymis at the caudal end of the testis and is attached to the mesorchium by mesoductus deferens

-accompanied by the deferent a and v

-passes cranially over the testis, medial to the epididymis

Term
Testis covered by _________
Definition
-visceral vaginal tunic
Term
Definition and parts: Epididymis
Definition

-lies on lateral side of testis

-Head: cranial extremity, where the epididymis communicates with the testis

-Tail: caudal extremity, continuous with the ductus deferens

Term
Definition: Testicular a
Definition
-covered by mesorchium (continuous with vaginal tunics) woven around testicular nerve plexus and venous plexus: branch of aorta
Term
Definition: Pampiniform plexus
Definition
-testicular venous plexus, closely associated with the testicular a (branch of caudal vena cava)
Term
Definition: Proper ligament of testis
Definition
-connects tail of epididymis to the testis
Term
Definition: Proper ligament of testis
Definition
-connects tail of epididymis to the testis
Term
Definition: Ligament of tail of epididymis
Definition
-the connective tissue that attaches the epididymis to the vaginal tunic and spermatic fascia
Term
Definition: Scrotum
Definition
-a pouch divided by an external raphe and an internal median septum into two cavities, each occupied by a testis, an epididymis, and the distal part of the spermatic cord
Term
Note: Tom cat cremaster in microscopic with scrotum in perineal location
Definition
Term
In female: also locate the external pudendal blood vessels and the genitofemoral n emerging from the superficial inguinal ring; both vaginal process and round ligament of the uterus will be enclosed in fascia and surrounded by fat (may extend as far as the vulva)
Definition
Term
Definition: Vaginal process
Definition
-bitch only, not in queen; the peritoneal diverticulum that is accompanied by the round ligament of the uterus
Term
Definition: Round ligament of uterus
Definition
-originates from the mesometrium within the abdomen (will be seen later)
Term

Definition: Inguinal canal

-contents?

Definition

-short fissure filled with CT b/n the abdominal mm; extends b/n the deep and superficial inguinal rings (bounded laterally by the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique/ cranially by the caudal border of the internal abdominal oblique/ caudally by the caudal border of the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique/ medially by the superficial surface of the rectus abdominis)

=>Male: vaginal tunic and spermatic cord

=>Female: vaginal process and round ligament of the uterus

=>both: external pudendal vessels and genitofemoral n

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