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Exam II Flash Cards
for exam II
77
Anatomy
Graduate
10/26/2014

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Cards

Term
What are the borders of the thorax?
Definition
thorax extends from the inferior thoracic aperture inferiorly to the supeerior thoracic aperture. Diaphragm divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Term
What is the arterial supply to the breast?
Definition
lateral mammary branches from lateral thoracic artery, medial mammary branches from internal thoracic
Term
lymphatic drainage of breast
Definition
parasternal (lateral), axillary( lateral), inferior phrenic (inferior)
Term
What is the thoracic cavity bounded by?
Definition
ribs, sternum, bodies of vert.
Term
what are the true ribs and where do they attach? What are the false and floating ribs, where do they attach?
Definition
true ribs, 1-7, attach to sternum via costal cartilage, 8-10 false ribs attach to CC of 7, floating 11 to 12, only posterior.
Term
What is unique about the first and second ribs?
Definition
first rib = cartilagenous immovable joint, second and seventh are synovial with some movement allotted.

first rib is flattened superior inferior, groove for sublclavian artery posterior to groove for subclavian vein
Term
External Intercostals
Definition
fiber - lateral to medial
muscular posteriorly, membranous anteriorly
Term
internal intercostals
Definition
fiber= medial to lateral
mscular anteriorly, membranous posteriorly
Term
Muscles of respiration?
Definition
inspiration: external intercostals, internal intercostals

expiration: internal intercostals
Term
muscles of the thorax, anterior to posterior
Definition
external intercostals, internal intercostals, intercostal AVN, innermost/transversus thoracis
Term
what lies to the side of the vertebra on both sides?
Definition
sympathetic trunk ganglia,

sympathetic-thoracic and lumbar
parasympathetic-cranial and sacral
Term
two layers of pleura, purpose, and recesses?
Definition
parietal and visceral, allow for negative pressure needed for inspiration, costodiaphgramatic and costomediastinal,
Term
structures that cross the diaphragm and at what spinal level?
Definition
IVC-t8, esophageal t10, aorta with vagus nerve, t12
Term
Left lung? lobes and impressions?
Definition
2, divided by oblique fissure.

large cardiac impression, arch of aorta and descending aorta, subclavian artery,
Term
right lung? lobes and impressions?
Definition
3 by oblique and horizontal fissures

diaphragmatic impression, arch of azygos, brachiocephalic vein, trachea and esophagus
Term
Levels of tissue in larynx?
Definition
epigolttis, thyroid, cricoid
Term
Levels of mediastinum?
Definition
inferior and superior, inferior broken into anterior, middle and posterior
Term
boundaries of mediastinum?
Definition
diaphragm and first rib, superior and inferior divided at angle of louie anteriorly and t4 posteriorly
Term
Contents of superior mediastinum?
Definition
SVC, arch of aorta, thoracic duct, trachea, esophagus, thymus, left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Term
contents of anterior mediastinum?
Definition
remnants of thymus, lymph nodes, fat and connective tissue
Term
contents of middle mediastinum?
Definition
pericardium, phrenic nerves, heart, roots of great vessels, arch of azygos, main bronchi
Term
contents of posterior mediastinum?
Definition
esophagus, thoracic aorta, azygos and hemiazygos veins, thoracic duct
Term
what is the significance of the oblique and transverse sinuses of the heart?
Definition
represent the embryological heart, when it was simply a bent tube
Term
Blood flow through heart?
Definition
right atria, tricuspid, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atria, bicuspid (mitral) valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve aorta, ( coronary arteries come off of aorta and after dumping into their veins, the veins connect with the coronary sinus and go back into the right atria
Term
widowmaker?
Definition
left anterior descending, if blocked = problems for left ventricle which provides blood flow to brain, thereby lots of problems
Term
coronary circulation?
Definition
coming off of aorta, there are the left and right coronary arteries, right branches into posterior descending and right marginal. Left branches into left anterior descending, left marginal and circumflex.
Term
Which veins run with which coronary arteries?
Definition
great coronary artery with left ant. descending, small cardiac vein runs with right marginal, middle cardiac runs with right posterior descending
Term
coronary blood flow variations?
Definition
on left in posterior descending missing, it is taken over by circumflex and left coronary,

on right an abscent posterior descending dristribution can be taken over by long anterior ventricular
Term
what is the crista terminalis?
Definition
junction between the sinus venosus and the heart in the developing embryo, found in right atrium. divides smooth area from rough area (pectinate muscles), smooth area results from absorption of part of the primative vesels
Term
fetal blood flow?
Definition
ductus artereosus, shunts umbilical arteries to lungs
foramen ovale: shunts blood from the lungs
sinus venosus: shunts blood from the liver and back to placenta
Term
diastole
Definition
atria to ventricle, AV valves open, semilunars closed.

contraction of atria responsible for pumping about 25% of the blood into the ventricle, rest moves down pressure gradient when valves open
Term
systole
Definition
ventricles to pulmonary trunk and aorta, semilunars open, av closed
Term
right ventricle?
Definition
chordae tendinae attach leaflets of AV valves to papillary muscles

trabecule carnae (rough part of the wall) + moderator band to control rhythm
Term
left atrium
Definition
mostly smooth walls, roughened area is the auricle, remnant of embryological development
Term
pappilary muscles on tricuspid and bicuspid valves
Definition
tricupsid, anterior, posterior and setpal

bicuspid: anterior and posterior
Term
pulmonary and aortic valves:
Definition
pulmonary has anterior, left and right leaflets

aortic has right, left and posterior
Term
depolarization of heart?
Definition
sinoatrial node, AV node, bundle of hiss, right and left bundle branches to ventricles
Term
location of SA and AV nodes?
Definition
sa node near SVC
Term
fetal circulation,
Definition
designed to take 02 blood from placent to fetus, lungs nonfunctional, most blood from right side of heart is shunted to left through forament ovale, further shunting through ductus anteriosus
Term
azygous and hemiazygous veins?
Definition
hemiazygous drains left anterior body wall, azygous drains right anterior body wall
Term
contents of RUQ
Definition
right lobe of liver, gall bladder, pylorus of stomach, duodenum parts 1 to 3, pancreatic head, right suprarenal gland, right kidney, right colonic hepatic flexure, acending colon, superior part, transver colon right half
Term
contents of RLQ
Definition
cecum, vermiform appendix, most of ileum, acending colon, inferior part, right ovary, right uterine tube, right ureter, abdominal part, right spermatic cord abdominal part, uterus if enlarge,d urinary bladder if full
Term
contents of LUQ
Definition
left lobe of liver, spleen, stomach, jejunum and proximal ileum, pancreas body and tain, left kidney, left adrenal gland, left colic splenic flexur,e transverse colon left half, descending colon superior part
Term
contents of LLQ?
Definition
sigmoid colon, descending colon inferior part, left ovary, left uterin tube, left ureter abdominal part, left spermatic cord abdominal part, uterus if enlarged, urinary bladder if full
Term
7 layers of anterolateral abdominal wall
Definition
skin
superficial fascia
deep fascia
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
transversalis fascia
extraperitoneal fat
Term
two layers of superficial fascia
Definition
campers-superficial fatty contains superficial veins

scarpas-gives rise to fundiform lig of penis and can be sutured, also gives rise to tunica dartos of scrotum and superficial penile fascia
Term
What are the veins of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Definition
paraumbilical veins normally drain to protal vein and anastomose with the superficial epigastric, superficial epigastric normally dumps to femoral vein
Term
what defines a portal system?
Definition
two capillary beds, one in liver, vein and another in intestines
Term
what is the result of blockage of portal drainage?
Definition
caput medusae, esophageal varcosies, hemorrhoids
Term
external oblique origin and insertion? what does muscle form?
Definition
o: outer surface of ribs 6 to 12
i: linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior 1/2 of iliac crest

free margin forms part of inguinal lig
aponeurotic fibers form external spermatic fascia
Term
internal oblique insertion and origin? what does it give rise do?
Definition
o: thoracolumbar fascia, anterior two thirds of iliac crest, lateral half of inguinal lig
i: inferior borders 10 to 12th ris, linea alba, pubis via conjoint tendon

gives rise to cremaster muscle
Term
transversus abdominus muscle origin?
Definition
inner surfaces of 7th and 12th costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac creast, lateral third of inguinal ligament
Term
folds of peritoneum and what the go over?
Definition
median- over urachus remnant
medial-over remnants of obliterated umbilical arteries
lateral: over inferior epigastric arteries

MUMALE
Term
inguinal triange?
Definition
medial to inferior epigastric vessels
Term
relationship of anterolateral muscles of anterior body wall in regards to rectus abdominus/sheath
Definition
above arcuate line- aponeurosis of external oblique anterior, internal splits and goes anterior and posteriorly, transversus posterior, transversalis fascia is posterior

below arcuate line, all 3 layers anterior to rectus abdominus, transversalis fascia only structure behind
Term
inguinal ligament represents? where does it run?
Definition
inferior border of the abdomen, runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle, forms the major part of the floor of the inguinal canal.
Term
What runs through the inguinal canal for males and females?
Definition
for males: spermatic cord
for females: round ligament-connects uterus to labium majora, similar structures in males called gubernaculum, connects testis to scrotum
Term
floor, roof and walls of the inguinal canal?
Definition
floor: lower edge of inguinal ligament and lacunar ligaments
roof: fibers of internal oblique and transversus
anterior wall: aponeurosis of extenral oblique and internal oblique
posterior wall: conjoint tendon and transversalis fascia
Term
Indirect hernia?
Definition
most common, 20 times more likely in males, leave the abdominal cavity lateral to inferior epigastric vessels, through the deep inguinal ring, prone to strangulation

has peritoneum and the coverings of the spermatic cord over it bc the viscera herniate alongthe path of testicular descent in the case of an indirect hernia.
Term
direct hernias?
Definition
less common, protrude through an area of weakness in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal, they are less prone to strangulation

covered by peritoneumalone
Term
what forms the posterior abdominal wall?
Definition
five lumbar vertebrae, their intervertebral disks, posterior abdominal muscles (quadratus, lumborum, psoas major and minor, iliacus) posterior part of the diaphragm.
Term
quadratus lumborum attachments, innvervation and actions?
Definition
superior: medial half of superior border of 12th rib and tips of lumbar transverse processes

inferior: iliolumbar ligament nd internal lip of the iliac crest

innervation T12-L4

actions: bilaterally extends, vertebral column, unilaterally flexes column, fixes ribs during inspiration
Term
psoas major muscle attachments, innervation, action?
Definition
suprior: T12-L5 vertebrae and disks
inferior: along with iliacus muscle, lesser trochanter of femur

innervation: ventral rami L1-L3

flexes thigh, also a trunk flexor
Term
iliacus muscle attachments, innervation, action?
Definition
superior 2/3rds of iliac fossa
inferior: along with psoas major muscle, lesser trochanter of remur, hip flexion

innervation: femoral nerve l2 to l4
Term
sternal and costal portions of diaphgram?
Definition
costal: inner surface of 7th to 9th CC, distal ends ofribs 10 to 12, arcuate ligaments

sternal portion: posterior surface of xiphoid process
Term
sliding and phrenoesophageal hiatal hernias?
Definition
sliding: cardia of stomach slips through diaphragmatic hiatus, resulting in a bulge and often regurgitation

paraesophageal hiatal hernia: cardia remains in same place, but aspect of stomach body slips out, no regurgitation. portion that leaks through hiatus is anterior to esophagus, thus the name.
Term
Blood supply ot diaphragm?
Definition
abdominal surface: inferior phrenic arteries, 1st pair arteries off abdominal aorta

thoracic surface: pericardicophrenic arteries, branches of musculophrenic arteries, small superior phrenic arteries off aorta
Term
Nerves of lumbar plexus and where they come from?
Definition
Formed by ventral rami of L1-L4 Give rise to the following nerves: Femoral L2-4 Obturator L2-4 Lumbosacral trunk L4-5 Ilioinguinal L1 Iliohypogastric L1 Genitofemoral L1-2 Lat. Cutaneous nerve of the thigh L2-3 Accessory obturator L3-4 (subcostal is from T12 not part of plexus but seen in posterior wall)
Term
nerves in relation to muscles?
Definition
genitofemoral run on surface of psoas major splits
subcostal ilio's across illiacus to ant. thigh
lat and deep to psoas major femoral nerve
medial and deep to psoas = obtorator
Term
paired arteries off of aorta
Definition
gonadal, renal, suprarenal arteries
Term
unpaired arteries
Definition
celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric
Term
retroperitoneal structures?
Definition
SAD PUCKER
Term
flow through kidneys
Definition
urine goes from corrtex to medulla to pappilae, to minor calyx, to major calyx, into renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethera so on and so forth
Term
ureter in females
Definition
water under the bridge
Term
abdominal aorta, what comes off superior to inferior?
Definition
inferior phrenic, celiac trunk subcostal artery, suprarenal arteries, superior mesenteric, renal arteries, lumbar arteries( intermittent) gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric, splits into common iliac, and then into external and internal iliac, inbetween the two common iliac is the median sacral artery.
Term
gonadal venous drainage?
Definition
right side to IVC, left side to renal veins
Term
lymphatic drainage in abdomen?
Definition
many para-aortic nodes, but dump into cysternae chilla at start of thoracic duct
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