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F - Exam 6
Chapters 44, 45, 46, & 47
102
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
02/14/2012

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Term
4 Basic Elements of Normal Body Movement
Definition
- Body Alignment (posture)
- Joint Mobility
- Balance
- Coordination
Term
Range of Motion (ROM)
Definition
Maximum movement possible for a joint.
Term
What is ROM determined by?
Definition
1. Genetic makeup
2. Developmental patterns
3. Presence/absence of disease
4. Physical Activity
Term
Flexion
Definition
Bending a joint.
Term
Extension
Definition
Straightening a joint.
Term
Abduction
Definition
Move a limb away from the body.
Term
Adduction
Definition
Move a limb towards the body.
Term
Pronate
Definition
To turn the palm down. (pour the soup out)
Term
Supinate
Definition
To turn the palm up. (fill the soup bowl)
Term
Proprioception
Definition
Awareness of posture, movement, and changes in equilibrium.
Term
Isotonic Exercise
Definition
Muscle shortens to produce contraction, active movement. (lifting an arm)
Term
Isometric Exercise
Definition
Muscle contraction without moving the joint; exerting pressure against a solid object. (clenching your thighs on your keys.)
Term
Isokinetic Exercise
Definition
Muscle contraction against resistance, can be isotonic/isomentric.
Term
What Controls Balance
Definition
-cerebral cortex
-cerebellum
-basal ganglia
-semilunar canals of ear
Term
Aerobic Exercise
Definition
- Activity during which the amount of oxygen taken in the body is greater than that used to perform the activity.
- Improves cardiovascular conditioning and physical fitness.
Term
Sleep
Definition
Altered state of consciousness where perception of and reaction to the environment is decreased.
Term
Serotonin
Definition
Lessens the response to sensory stimulation.
Term
GABA
Definition
Shuts off activity in neurons
Term
NREM (Non-rapid Eye Movement)
Definition
Accounts for 75-80% of sleep cycle and consists of four stages.
Term
Four Stages of NREM
Definition
- Stage 1 - Very light sleep, feel drowsy, readily awakened, may deny sleeping
- Stage 2 - about 10-15 minutes into sleep, body continues to slow down, about half of total sleep in this stage.
- Stage 3 & 4- Deepest stagees of sleep, HR and RR rate drops, difficult to arouse, not disturbed by stimuli, snoring occurs, essential for restoring energy and releasing growth hormones.
Term
REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
Definition
- Lasts 5-30 minutes and reoccurs every 90 minutes.
- Dreaming occurs, acetylcholine and dopamine increase, brain highly active,distinctive eye movements occur, voluntary muscle control decreases, deep tendon reflexes absent, difficult to arouse or awaken, gastric secretions increase, HR and RR irregular.
Term
What is the amount of sleep required for a newborn?
Definition
16-18 hours
Term
What is the amount of sleep required for a toddler?
Definition
12-14 hours
Term
What is the amount of sleep required for a preschooler?
Definition
11-13 hours
Term
What is the amount of sleep required for a school aged child?
Definition
10-11 hours
Term
What is the amount of sleep required for an adolescent?
Definition
9-10 hours
Term
What is the amount of sleep required for an adult or elder?
Definition
7-9 hours
Term
Factors That Affect Sleep
Definition
-Illness
-Environment
-Lifestyle
-Emotional Stress
-Stimulants and Alcohol
-Diet
-Smoking
-Motivations
-Medications
Term
Common Sleep Disorders
Definition
- Insomnia
- Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
- Parasomnias
Term
Forms and Causes of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
Definition
- Hypersomnia
- Narcolepsy
- Sleep Apnea
- Insufficient Sleep
Term
Forms of Parasomnias
Definition
- Sleep Walking/Talking
- Sleep Tremors
- Nightmares
- Bruxism
Term
Pain
Definition
Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
Term
Who is more right when judging pain?
Definition
The pain is what the patient says it is, regardless of physical symptoms of pain.
Term
Physiologic Pain
Definition
Experienced when an intact, properly functioning nervous system signals that tissues are damaged requiring attention and proper care.
- Tied to physical cause.
- Can be transient or persistent.
Term
Subcategories of Physiologic Pain
Definition
- Somatic Pain
- Visceral Pain
- Neuropathic Pain
- Referred Pain
Term
Somatic Pain
Definition
Pain felt in the skin, muscles, bone, and connective tissue.
Term
Visceral Pain
Definition
Pain felt in the organs.
Term
Neuropathic Pain
Definition
- Pain experienced from damaged/malfunctioning nerves.
- Experienced as burning, tingling, numbness, and shooting pains.
- 3 Types (Peripheral Neuropathic Pain, Central Neuropathic Pain, Sympathetically Maintained Pain)
Term
Types of Neuropathic Pain (3)
Definition
Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
- Phantom limb, neuralgia, carpal tunnel
Central Neuropathic Pain
- Spinal Cord Injuries, Post Stroke, MS
Sympathetically Maintained Pain
- Edema, temperature and circulation irregularity
Term
Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
Definition
Follows damage or sensitization of peripheral nerves.
(phantom limb pain, postherpetic neuralgia, carpal tunnel syndrome)
Term
Central Neuropathic Pain
Definition
Results from malfunctioning nerves in the central nervous system.
(spinal cord injury pain, poststroke pain, multiple sclerosis pain)
Term
Sympathetically maintained Pain
Definition
Occurs occasionally when abnormal connections between pain fibers and the sympathetic nervous system perpetuate problems with both pain and sympathetically controlled functions.
Term
Referred Pain
Definition
Pain that appears in different areas of the body.
- Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) pian is felt in the left arm, shoulder, and/or jaw.
- Gallbladder pain is felt in the right shoulder and or middle back.
Term
Pain Threshold
Definition
Least amount of pain that is needed for a person to detect pain.
Term
Pain Tolerance
Definition
Maximum amount of painful stimulation a person is willing to withstand without seeking relief.
Term
Acute Pain
Definition
Short term, comes on quickly (surjery/injury)
Term
Chronic Pain
Definition
Lasts months or years (arthritis)
Term
Intractable Pain
Definition
Severe pain, little helps alleviate it (cancer pain)
Term
Cancer Pain
Definition
Pain associated with the disease, treatment, or some other factor in individuals with cancer.
Term
Chronic (Persistent) Pain
Definition
Pain that persists beyond 3 to 6 months secondary to chronic disorders or nerve malfunctions that produce ongoing pain after healing is complete.
Term
Neuropathic Pain
Definition
Pain that is related to damaged or malfunctioning nervous tissue in the peripheral and/or CNS.
Term
Nociceptive Pain
Definition
Pain that is directly related to tissue damage. May be somatic (damage to skin, muscle, bone) or visceral (damage to organs)
Term
Pain Associated with Abnormal Nerve Functioning
Definition
- Allodynia
- Dysesthia
- Hyperalgesia
Term
Allodynia
Definition
Sensation of pain froma stimulus that normally does not produce pain (light touch)
Term
Dysesthesia
Definition
An unpleasant abnormal sensation that can be either spontaneous or evoked.
Term
Hyperalgesia
Definition
Increased sensation of pain in response to normally painful stimulus.
Term
Important Reasons to Prevent or Treat Pain As Soon As Possible
Definition
-Sensitization
-Windup
Term
Sensitization
Definition
An increased sensitivity of a receptor after repeated activation by noxious stimuli.
Term
Windup
Definition
Progressive increase in excitability and sensitivity of spinal cord neurons, leading to persistent, increased pain.
Term
What does a comprehensive pain history include?
Definition
COLDERR
- Character (Quality)
- Onset (When it began)
- Location (Where does it hurt)
- Duration (How long does it last)
- Exacerbation (What brings it on, What makes it worse or better)
- Relief (What have you tried to relieve pain)
- Radiation (Does it move to other areas)
Term
Pain Scales
Definition
- Numeric
- The Wong-Baker FACES Rating Scale
- FLACC Scale
- COMFORT Scale
Term
Numeric Scale
Definition
A scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (intense incapacitating pain) used to judge the intensity of the pain experienced.
- 0 - no pain
- 2 - awareness of pain only when paying attention to it
- 4 - can ignore pain and do things
- 6 - can't ignore pain, interferes with functioing
- 8 - impairs ability to function or concentrate
- 10 - intense incapacitating pain
Term
The Wong-Baker FACES Rating Scale
Definition
For use with children age 3 and older.
Associate their level of pain with a face.
The first face (0 - Smile) is no pain and the last face (5 - Frowning & Crying) is the highest amount of pain you can imagine.
Term
COMFORT Scale
Definition
Can be used with non-verbal infants, children, or adults who cannot use Numeric or FACES.
- Maximum possible is 45
- Examines alerness, calmness, respiratory distress, crying, physical movement, muscle tone, facial tension, blood pressure (MAP) baseline, and heart rate baseline.
- each category is ranked from 1 to 5.
Term
FLACC Scale
Definition
Used for patients from 2 months to 7 years of age and nonverbal critical care clients.
- Examines the face, legs, activity, crying, and consolability
- maximum score is 10. Each Category is [0, 1, or 2]
Term
Common Opiod Side Effects
Definition
Constipation, drowsiness, dry mouth, stomach upset, urinary retention.
Term
Non-Pharmalogical Interventions for Pain
Definition
- Massage
- Applying heat/ice
- TENS unit
- Positioning
- Bracing
- Acupressure
- Diet
- Relaxation
- Imagery
- Distraction
- Reducing Fear, Anxiety, and Stress
- Prayer/Meditation
- Spiritual Healing
- Family Therapy
- Support Groups
Term
Factors Affecting Nutrition
Definition
Developmental Considerations, Economics, Gender, Medications & Therapy, Ehtnicity & Culture, Health (dysphagia), Beliefs about food, Alcohol Consumption (need Thiamine - B1), Personal Preferences, Advertising, Religious Practices, Disease Processes, and Lifestyle
Term
Nutritional Considerations for Neonate to 1 Year
Definition
- Fluid and nutritional needs are met by breast milk or formula
- Addition of solid food to the diet between 4 and 6 months of age
- By the age of 1, most infants can be completely fed on table food, and milk intake is about 20 ounces per day
- Following feeding a child should be put to rest in the supine position.
- At 6 months the child needs iron supplements until 18 months.
- NO HONEY
Term
Nutritional Considerations for Toddlers
Definition
Can eat most foods and adjust to three meals each day
By the age of 3 is able to bite and chew adult table food
Caloric requirement is 900 to 1800 Kcal/day
Need for adequate iron, calcium, and vitamins C and A are common deficiencies
Term
Nutritional Considerations for Preschoolers
Definition
- Eat adult foods
- Very active and often require snacks between meals
- Cheese, fruits, yogurt, raw vegetables, and milk are good choices
Term
Nutritional Considerations for School-Aged Children
Definition
- Require a balanced diet including 2400 Kcal/day
- Eat three meals a day and one or two nutritious snacks
- Need a protein-rich food at breakfast to sustain the prolonged physical and mental effort required at school
Term
Nutritional Considerations for Adolescents
Definition
- Increased need for protein, calcium, vitamin D, iron, and B vitamins.
- Increased need for nutrient and calories during growth spurts
- Adequate calcium intake (1200 to 1500 mg/day)
- Health snacks and limits on junk foods
- Anorexia nervosa and bulimia may occur
Term
Nutritional Considerations for Adults
Definition
- Continue to eat a healthy diet, with special attention to protein, calcium, and limiting cholesterol and caloric intake
- Two or three liters of fluid should be included in the daily diet
- Postmenopausal women need to ingest sufficient calcium and vitamin D to reduce osteoporosis
- Antioxidants such as vitamin A, C, and E may be helpful in reducing the risks of heart disease in women
- Menstruating and women of child-bearing age should take iron and folate.
Term
Nutritional Considerations for the Elderly
Definition
- Fewer calories are needed by elders because of the lower metabolic rate and the decrease in physical activity
- Some may need more carbohydrates for fiber and bulk, but most nutrient requirements remain relatively unchanged
- Physical changes as tooth loss and impaired sense of taste and smell may affect eating habits
- Decreased saliva and gastric juice secretion may also affect nutrition
- Psychosocial factors may also contribute to nutritional problems
Term
Nutritional Problems Associated with the Elderly
Definition
- Difficulty chewing, lower glucose tolerance, decreased social interaction and lonilinees, loss of appetite and sense of smell/taste, limited income, limited ability for transportation, difficulty sleeping.
Term
At what percentage (BMI) is someone considered to be overweight?
Definition
Between 25 and 29.9 % body fat.
Term
At what percentage (BMI) is someone considered to be obese?
Definition
Over 30% body fat.
Term
What are the most common laboratory tests for nutrition?
Definition
Serum proteins, urinary urea nitrogen and creatinine, and total lymphocyte count.
Term
Albumin
Definition
- Should account for more than 50% of total serum proteins
- If levels are lower than expected this is a sign of a prolonged protein deficit in the diet.
- Half life of 18 to 20 days
Term
Transferin
Definition
- A protein that binds to iron and carries it from the intestines to the serum.
- If these levels are low it signals a recent protein dietary deficit.
- Can be caused from protein loss, iron deficiency anemia, pregnancy, hepatitis, or liver dysfunction.
- Half life of 8 to 9 days
Term
Prealbumin
Definition
(thyroxine-binding albumin or transthyretin)
- Is the most responsive to nutritional status because it has the shortest half life. Levels should be between 15 and 35 mg/dL.
- Below 15 mg/dL is at risk
- Below 11 mg/dL indicates a need for aggressive intervention
Term
Special Diets
Definition
- Clear Liquid Diet
- Full Liquid Diet
- Soft Diet
- Diet as Tolerated
- Diets Modified for Disease
Term
Clear Liquid Diet
Definition
- Water, tea, coffee, honey, clear broths, ginger ale, or other carbonated beverages, strained and clear juices, and plain gelatin.
- The diet provides the client with fluid and carboydrate, but does not supply adequate protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, or calories.
- Used after surgeries or in the acute stages of infection.
Term
Full Liquid Diet
Definition
- Diet contains only liquids or foods that turn to liquid at body temperature.
- Not recommended for long-term use because it is low in iron, protein and calories.
- Clients on this diet for long period of time are given Ensure or Sustacal.
Term
Soft Diet
Definition
- Food that is easily chewed and digested.
- It is low-residue (low fiber), and has very few uncooked foods.
- Pureed diet is an extension of soft diet.
Term
Diet as Tolerated
Definition
- Ordered when the client's appetite, ability to eat, and tolerance for certain foods change.
Term
Canes
Definition
- Hold the cane on the strongest side of the body.
- Adjust the height so that the elbow is flexed.
Term
Crutches
Definition
- Make sure the Crutches are not putting stress on the armpits and that the elbows are bent.
- When going down stairs lead with the bad foot, when going upstairs lead with good foot.
- When walking move crutches and weak side first, follow with strong.
Term
Crutch Gaits
Definition
- 4 point alternate gait
- 3 point gait
- 2 point alternate gait
- swing to gait
- swing through gait
Term
4 Point Alternate Gate
Definition
* start in Tripod position
1. Right Crutch forward
2. Left foot forward
3. Left Crutch forward
4. Right foot forward
Term
3 Point Gait
Definition
1. Move both crutches and the weaker leg forward.
2. Move the stronger leg forward.
Term
2 Point Alternate Gait
Definition
** Start in tripod position
1. Left crutch and right limb advance
2. Right crutch and left limb advance
Term
Swing To Gait
Definition
1. Move both crutches ahead together
2. Lift body weight by the arms and swin to the crutches

** can result in atrophy of unused muscles with prolonged use.
Term
Swing Through Gait
Definition
1. Move both crutches forward together.
2. Lift body weight by the arms and swing through and beyond the crutch.
Term
GABA
Definition
Shuts off the activity of neurons in the RAS ( Reticular activating system)
Term
What hormones are associated with WAKEFULNESS?
Definition
- CORTISOL
- Acetylcholine
- Dopamine
- Noradrenaline
Term
Where are acetylcholine, dopamine and noradrenaline released and what do they influence?
Definition
- Acetylcholine - release in reticular formation
- Dopamine - released in midbrain
- Noradrenaline - released in pons

These nuerotransmitters influence crebral cortical arousal.
Term
Why is sleep necessary?
Definition
- Basic physiological need
- Helps us cope with daily stresses
- Prevents fatigue
- Conserves energy
- Restores the mind and body
- Enhances daytime functioning
- Most healing occurs during sleep
- Necessary for Protein Synthesis
Term
Side Effect
Definition
A nuisance but not life threatening.
Term
Adverse Reation
Definition
A life threatening problem.
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