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Exam 4 Material
Learning and Memory
91
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
05/06/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Learning
Definition
the process of acquiring new infromation, behavioral patterns or abilities, characterized by modification of behaviors as result of practice, study, or experience
Term
Memory
Definition
  • the ability to store and retrieve information
  • the specific information stored in the brain
Term
Amnesia
Definition
memory impairment
Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition
the loss of memories formed before onset of amnesia
Term
Anterograde Amnesia
Definition
the inability to form memories after onset of a disorder
Term
Hippocampus and Dorsomedial Thalamus
Definition
damage to these areas can produce memory deficits
Term
Declarative Memory
Definition
deals with what - facts and information acquired through learning that can be stated or described
Term
Nondeclarative (procedural) Memory
Definition
deals with how - shown by performance rather than recollection
Term
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Definition

a memory deficiency caused by lack of thiamine - seen in chronic alcoholism

 

- damage occurs in mammillary bodies and basal frontal lobes

Term
Confabulate
Definition
filling in a gap in memory with a falsification
Term
1. Semantic Memory
2. Episodic Memory
Definition
2 subtypes of declarative memory
Term
Semantic Memory
Definition
generalized memory
Term
Episodic Memory
Definition
detailed autobiographical memory
Term
1. Skill Learning
2. Priming
3. Conditioning
Definition
3 subtypes of non-declarative memory
Term
Skill Learning
Definition
learning to perform a task requiring motor coordination
Term
Priming/Repetition Priming
Definition
a change in stimulus processing due to prior exposure to the stimulus
Term
Conditioning
Definition
the association of two stimuli, or of a stimulus and a response
Term
Nonassociative Learning
Definition
involves a single stimulus presented once or repeated
Term
1. Habituation
2. Dishabituation
3. Sensitization
Definition
3 types of nonassociative learning
Term
Habituation
Definition
a decreased response to repeated presentations of a stimulus
Term
Dishabituation
Definition
restoration of response amplitude after habituation
Term
Sensitization
Definition
prior strong stimulation increases response to most stimuli
Term
Associative Learning
Definition
involves relations between events
Term
1. Classical Conditioning
2. Instrumental/Operant Conditioning
Definition
2 types of associative learning
Term
Classical Conditioning/ Pavlovian Conditioning
Definition

a neutral stimulus is paired with another stimulus that elicits a response

 

- eventually the neutral stimulus will elicit the response

Term
Instrumental/Operant Conditioning
Definition
an association is made between behavior (instrumental response) and the consequences of the behavior (the reward)
Term
Iconic Memories
Definition
the briefest type of memory storage and store sensory impressions
Term
Short-term Memory (STM)/Working Memory
Definition
usually last only for seconds, or throughout rehearsal
Term
1. Phonological Loop
2. Visuospatial Sketch Pad
3. Episodic Buffer
Definition
3 components of working memory, all supervised by the central executive
Term
Phonological Loop
Definition

contains auditory information

 

Ex: phone number

Term
Visuospatial Sketch Pad
Definition

holds visual impressions

 

Ex: where you parked the car

Term
Episodic Buffer
Definition
contains more integrated information (like short clips)
Term
Intermediate-Term Memory
Definition
outlasts an STM but is not permanent
Term
Long-term Memories (LTM)
Definition
last for days to years
Term
Primacy Effect
Definition

the higher performance for items at the beginning of a list (LTM)

 

- remember the items at the start of a list better

Term
Recency Effect
Definition
shows better performance for the items at the end of a list (STM)
Term
Memory Trace
Definition

record of a learning experience

 

- can be affected by other events before or after

- each time it is activated and recalled, it is subject to changes

Term
1. Encoding
2. Consolidation
3. Retrieval
Definition
3 aspects of a functional memory system
Term
Encoded
Definition
sensory information is  _____ into short-term memory
Term
Consolidated
Definition
information may be _____ into long-term storage
Term
Retrieved
Definition
stored information is _______
Term
Right Prefrontal Cortex and Right Parahippocampal Cortex
Definition
activated for recalling pictures
Term
Left Prefrontal Cortex and Left Parahippocampal Cortex
Definition
activated for recalling words
Term
Reconsolidation
Definition
the return of a memory trace to stable long-term storage, after recall
Term
Strong Emotions
Definition
can enhance memory formation and retrieval
Term
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Definition
memories produce a stress hormone response that further reinforces the memory
Term
Delayed Non-Matching-to-Sample Task
Definition

must choose the object that was not seen previously

 

- medial temporal lobe damage causes impairment

Term
Medial Temporal (Hippocampal) and Diencephalic Regions
Definition

activated during encoding and retrieval

 

- important in forming long-term memories

Term
Cortex
Definition
important for long-term storage
Term
Right Frontal and Temporal Lobes
Definition
activated during episodic memory
Term
Cognitive Map
Definition
a mental representation of a spatial relationship
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
occurs but is not demonstrated in performance tasks
Term
Place Cells
Definition

become active when in, or moving toward, a particular location

 

- in the hippocampus

Term
Grid Cells and Border Cells
Definition

neurons that fire when something is at an intersection or perimeter of an abstract grid map

 

- in the hippocampus

Term
increased hippocampal size in mammals and birds
Definition
increased demand for spatial memory results in...
Term
occipitotemporal cortex
Definition
imaging studies of repetition priming show reduced bilateral activity in this area of the brain, related to perceptual priming
Term
Left Frontal Cortex
Definition
reduced activity compared to baseline in only this area of the brain during conceptual priming
Term
Perceptual Priming
Definition
reflects prior processing of the form of the stimulus
Term
Conceptual Priming
Definition
reflects the meaning of the stimulus
Term
Eight-Arm Radial Maze
Definition

used to test spatial location memory

 

- rats must recognize and enter an arm that they have entered recently to receive a reward

 

- lesion of the hippocampus produce a deficit

Term
Motor Behavior
Definition

this type of memory is tested by a test where the animal must remember whether it made a left or right turn previously

 

- if it turns the same way it receives a reward

 

- lesions to the caudate nucleus showed deficits

Term
Sensory Perception
Definition

can be measured by the object recognition task

 

- rats must identify which stimulus in a pair is novel

 

- depends on the extrastriate cortex

Term
Neuorplasticity/ Neural Plasticity
Definition
the ability of neurons and neural circuits to be remodeled by experience or environment
Term
Alterations in Synapses
Definition
Sherrington speculated that these were the basis of learning
Term
Cell Assemblies
Definition

ensembles of neurons

 

- linked via Hebbian synapses could store memory traces

Term
Hebbian Synapses
Definition
two neurons that are repeatedly activated together whose synaptic connection will become stronger
Term
1. Heavier, thicker cortex
2. Enhanced cholinergic activity
3. Larger cortical synapses
4. Altered gene expression
5. Enhanced recovery from brain damage
6. Increased growth in dendritic spines and branching (esp. on basal dendrites)
Definition
6 increases in development of rats in enriched condition living
Term
Aplysia
Definition

animal used to study plastic synaptic changes in neural circuits

 

- used to study habituation

Term
1. Has fewer nerve cells
2. Can create detailed circuit maps for particular behaviors - little variation between individuals
Definition
2 advantages of using aplysia
Term
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
Definition
a stable and enduring increase in the effectiveness of synapses
Term
Tetanus
Definition
a brief increase of electrical stimulation that triggers thousands of axon potentials
Term
Hippocampal Formation
Definition
formed by the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and subiculum
Term
NMDA and AMPA receptors
Definition
two types of receptors in CA1
Term
1. Glutamate activates AMPA receptors
2. NMDA receptors at rest have a magnesium ion (Mg2+) block on their calcium (Ca2+) channels
3. After enough NMDA receptors are stimulated that cause partial depolarization, the Mg2+ block is removed and the NMDA receptor allows Ca2+ to enter in response to glutamate
4. The Ca2+ influx activates CaMKII
5. CaMKII causes several effects on AMPA receptors
6. AMPA receptors have increased sensitivity to glutamate
Definition
6 steps of AMPA receptors becoming more sensitive to glutamate
Term
1. Glutamate activates AMPA receptors
2. NMDA receptors at rest have a Mg2+ ion block on their Ca2+ channels
3. After partial depolarization, the block is removed and the NMDA receptor allows Ca2+ to enter in response to glutamate
4. Ca2+ influx activates certain protein kinases
5. The kinases trigger CREB - cAMP responsive element-binding protein
6. CREB binds to cAMP responsive elements in DNA promoter regions and changes the transcription rate of genes
7. The regulated genes produce proteins that affect synaptic function and contribute to LTP
Definition
7 steps of protein production in CA1 neurons
Term
Retrograde Messenger
Definition
released from strong stimulation of a postsynaptic cell and travels across the synapse and alters function in the presynaptic neuron
Term
1. Causes more AMPA receptors to be produced and inserted in the postsynaptic membrane
2. Moves existing nearby AMPA receptors into the active synapse
3. Increases conductance of Na+ and K+ ions in membrane-bound receptors

- All increase the synaptic senstivity to glutamate
Definition
3 ways CaMKII affects AMPA receptors
Term
Correlational Observations
Definition

time course of LTP is similar to that of memory formation

 

- evidence that LTP may be one part of learning and memory formation

Term
Somatic Intervention Experiments
Definition

pharmacological treatments that block LTP impair learning

 

- evidence that LTP may be one part of learning and memory formation

Term
Behavioral Intervention Experiments
Definition

show that traning an animal in a memory task can induce LTP

 

- evidence that LTP may be one part of learning and memory formation

Term
Neurogenesis
Definition

birth of new neurons

 

- occurs mainly in the dentate gyrus in adult mammals

- can be enhanced by exercise, environmental enrichment, and memory tasks

Term
Conditional Knockout
Definition

mice with neurogenesis turned off in adults

 

- showed impaired spatial learning but were otherwise normal

Term
1. Impairments of coding and retrieval
2. Loss of neurons and/or neural connections
3. Deterioration of cholinergic pathways
4. Impaired coding by place cells
Definition
4 causes of memory problems in old age
Term
Impairments of Coding and Retrieval
Definition
causes less cortical activation in some tasks
Term
Loss of Neurons and/or Neural Connections
Definition
causes some parts of the brain to lose a larger proportion of volume
Term
Deterioration of Cholinergic Pathways
Definition

includes the septal complex and the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), which provide input to the hippocampus

 

- this seems to be involved in Alzheimer's disease

Term
Impaired Coding by Place Cells
Definition
causes neurons to encode less spatial information
Term
Nootropics
Definition
a class of drugs that enhance cognitive function
Term
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Definition
can have a positive effect on memory and cognition
Term
Ampakines
Definition

work to improve LTP in the hippocampus

 

- enhance the actions of a particular protein kinase (PKMZ) needed for LTP

Term
1. Living in a favorable environment
2. Involvement in enriching activities
3. Having a partner of high cognitive status
Definition
3 lifestyle factors that can help reduce cognitive decline
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