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Exam 4
Lectures 11-15
90
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/22/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
cervical enlargement
Definition
supply upper limbs C4-T1
Term
lumbar enlargement
Definition
supply to lower limbs; T9-T12
Term
How long/wide is the Spinal Cord?
Definition
42-45 cm long, 2.5 cm wide
Term
conus medullaris
Definition
tapers off end in spinal cord to end at L1-L2.
Term
filum terminale
Definition
pia matter that anchors spinal cord to coccyx.
Term
What are the principle parts of the Spinal Chord?
Definition
Cervical Enlargement, Lumbar enlargement, Conus medullaris, Cauda Equina, Filum Terminale
Term
Things to note about the Structure of the Spinal Cord...
Definition

1. Cord itself ends at L1-L2.

2. Lower nerves dangle down in the Cauda Equina.

3. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

4. A spinal segment is what gives rise to one spinal nerve.

5. C1-C7 Spinal nerves project above  C1-C7.

6. C8 Spinal nerve projects below C1-C7 vertebra.

7. T1-S5 spinal nerves project below T1-S5 vertebra.

 

Term
Grey Matter
Definition
Grey Matter - consists of nerve cell bodies, The function of grey matter is to route sensory or motor stimulus to interneurons of the CNS in order to create a response to the stimulus (inside)
Term
White Matter
Definition
White matter is composed of bundles of myelinated axon which connect various grey matter areas (the locations of nerve cell bodies) of the brain to each other, and carry nerve impulses between neurons. (Stimulus)
Term
Regions in the Grey matter
Definition

1. Grey Commissure- cross bar of the H.

2. Central Canal- hole in the center.

3. Anterior (ventral) horns

4. Posterior (dorsal) horns

5. Lateral(intermediate) horns

Term
Regions in the White Matter
Definition

1. Anterior column

2. Posterior Column

3. Lateral Column

4. Fasciculi/tracts- axon bundles w/common function

a. ascending tracts - sensory to the brain

b. descending tracts - brain--> motor neurons

Term
Anterior Spinalthalamic
Definition
(ascending sensory track of spinal cord) touch and pressure to thalamus
Term
Lateral Spinothalamic tract
Definition
(ascending sensory track of spinal cord) pain and temperature to thalamus
Term

Fasciculus gracilis

Fasciculus cuneatus

Definition
touch, 2 part discrimination, conscious proprioception, stereognosis, weight discrimination, vibration
Term

Posterior spinocerebellar

anterior spinocerebellar

Definition

subconscious propriorecption

 

Term
What are the Ascending tracts of the Spinal Cord?
Definition

  • anterior (ventral) spinothalamic
  • lateral spinothalamic tract
  • fasciculus gracilis
  • fasciculus cuneatus
  • posterior spinocerebellar
  • anterior spinocerebellar                

Term

Lateral corticospinal

Anterior corticospinal

Definition
Motor output from the cortex to the motor cells of the anterior horn
Term
Rubrospinal
Definition
(descending motor spinal tract)motor output from midbrain to anterior horn for precise movement.
Term
Tectospinal
Definition
(descending motor spinal tract) motor output from midbrain to anterior horn;movements in response to audiovisual/cutaneous stimuli
Term
Vestibulospinal
Definition
(descending motor spinal accessory tract) motor output from the medulla to the anterior horn; coordination and balance
Term
Lateral reticularspinal
Definition
(descending motor spinal tract) motor out put from medulla to ant. horn; inhibits ext. reflexes
Term
Medial recticulospinal
Definition
(descending motor spinal tract) motor output from pons to anterior horn; facilitates ext. reflexes
Term
What are the Descending Motor Spinal Tracts
Definition

  • Lateral corticospinal
  • Anterior corticospinal
  • Rubrospinal
  • Tectospinal
  • Vestibulospinal
  • Lateral reticulospinal
  • Medial Reticulospinal

Term
What are the structures involved in the Anatomy of a reflex?
Definition

  • Dorsal root
  • Dorsal root ganglion
  • Ventral root

Term
Dorsal (posterior, sensory) root 
Definition
(structure of a reflex)all afferent fibers (sensory) from periphery
Term
Dorsal Root ganglion
Definition
(structure of reflex)contains sensory nerve cell bodies (bipolar)
Term
Ventral Root Ganglion
Definition

Motor nerve axons only

  • skeletal motor neurons (ant. horn)
  • smooth/cardiac/gland neurons (lat.horn)

Term
Describe (in full detail) The Simple Reflex Arc
Definition

1. A special type of conduction pathway

2. Receptor - responds to internal/external stimuli.

3. Sensory Neuron - passes impulse to CNS

a. impulse sent along nerve from that organ.

b. eventually reaches dorsal ramus of spinal nerve

c. synapses on neuron sometwhere in the grey matter

4. Center - point in the CNS where message is accepted.

a. sometimes directly to the effector motor neuron

b. most times on an INTERNEURON of dorsal horn

c. passes message to motor neuron in VENTRAL HORN

d. or passes message to brain via specific tract

5. Motor neuron - sends to signal to appropriate effector.

a. resides in anterior horn - skeletal muscle

b. resides in lateral horn - smooth/cardiac/gland

6. Effector Organ - organ effected by motor neuron

a. simple reflexes an motion - skeletal muscle

b. general physiological - other organs

Term
Describe the Blood supply of the Heart
Definition

A. Arterial Supply

 

1. ascending aorta -> left coronary artery ->

a. Anterior interventricular branch

 

b. Circumflex branch

 

2. Ascending aorta -> right coronary artery ->

 

a. Posterior interventricular branch

 

b. marginal branch

 

B. Venous return : Coronary Sinus -> Right Atrium

 

1. Tributaries contributing to the coronary sinus

 

a. great cardiac vein (drains anterior)

 

b. middle cardiac vein (drains posterior)

Term
Name the Valves of the heart and what they do
Definition

1. Anteriorventricular Valves

 

  • tricuspid valve - between right atrium and ventricle
  • biscupid valve - between left atrium and ventricle

  a. chordae tendinea - attach the cusps to the muscle

  b. papillary muscles - pull on the cusps

 

2. Semilunar Valves - between ventricles and vessels

a. pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary trunk

b. aortic semilunar valve - aorta


 

Term
ductus arteriorsus
Definition
A vessel in the heart present only when one is a fetus. Closes at birth, extends from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta.
Term
Ligamentum arteriosum
Definition
a remnant of the ductus arteriosus in adults
Term

When blood leaves the body, it goes via the Left Ventricule to entire body via:

Definition

Ascending aorta

(consisting of)

  • coronary arteries
  • arch of the aorta
  • thuracic aorta
  • abdominal aorta

 

Term
Left Atrium --> Left Ventricle
Definition
One of the Great vessels of the heart 
Term
Lungs flow blood to the Left Atrium via:
Definition
pulmonary vein - the only vein with oxegenated blood
Term
Right Ventricle flows blood to the lungs via:
Definition

pulmonary trunk

 

  • right and left pulmonary arteries
  • only arteries with unoxygenated blood.

 

 

Term
Right Atrium flows blood to the...
Definition
Right Ventricle (dealing with the great vessels of the heart)
Term

Venous return of blood to the Right Atrium is via:

Definition

 

  • superior vena cava - from areas above the heart
  • inferior vena cava - from areas below the heart
  • coronary sinus - from the heart muscle itself
Term
The wall of the heart consists of these 3 layers?
Definition

  • epicardium - visceral layer of pericardium
  • myocardium - heart muscle itself
  • endocardium - thin endothelium lining inside

Term

What is the pericardium?

Definition
is the connective tissue sac around heart.
Term
What is pericarditis?
Definition

It is the Inflammation of the pericardium

Term
What is cardiac tamponade?
Definition
Compression of the heart (i.e. pericarditis)
Term
Describe Fibrous pericardum?
Definition

 outer thick fibrous layer

  • touch bag that surrounds the heart
  • attached to diaphragm
  • continuous with great vessels

Term
Describe the serous pericardium?
Definition

inner, thin, double layer
a. Parietal layer - fused to fibrious percardium
  • pericardial fluid -reduces friction
  • pericardial cavity - space between layers
b. Visceral layer (epicardium) - on myocardium

Term
What are the five chambers of the heart?
Definition

1. right and left atria- upper chambers

  • auricles - dog-ear like appendages
  • pectinate muscles - bundles of parallel fibers

2. Interatrial septum

  • fossa ovalis - closed foramen ovale of fetus

3. right and left ventricles - lower chambers

 

4. coronary sulcus - exterior groove dividing chambers

 

5. Anterior and Posterior interventricular sulci

Term
Describe the location and size of the heart?
Definition

  • primary organ of the media stinum
  • 2/3 lie left of the sagittal plane
  • size of a human fist
  • between the sternum and thoracic vertebra.

Term
What is the apex of the heart?
Definition
tip of left ventricle
Term
What consists of the left border of the heart?
Definition
Left ventricle and atrium
Term

What is the heart's superior border?

Definition
site of great vessels, near atria
Term
What is the base of the heart?
Definition
it is formed by the atria, mainly the left atrium
Term
What consists of the right border of the heart?
Definition
it is formed by the right atrium
Term
What consists of the inferior border of the heart?
Definition
right ventricle and part of left
Term
what consists of the sternocostal surface?
Definition
Ventricles and right atrium
Term
What consists of the diaphragmatic surface?
Definition
Mostly the left ventricle
Term
Define the term Sensation?
Definition
awareness of external/internal conditions
Term
Define the term perception?
Definition
conscious registration of conditions
Term
Define the term stimulus?
Definition
change that can initiate nerve impulse
Term
Define the term receptor (sense organ)?
Definition
converts stimulus to impulse
Term
Define the term transduction?
Definition
changing stimulus signal into nerve signal
Term
Define the term generator potential?
Definition
electrical impulse in receptor
Term
Define the term adaptation?
Definition

decreased sensitivity to repeat stimuli

  • ie. rapidly adapting - pressue, touch, smell
  • slowly adapting - pain, position, blood chemicals

Term
Define the term afterimage?
Definition
sensation even after stimulus is gone
Term
Define the term modality?
Definition
distinct property of each sensation
Term
What are exteroreceptors?
Definition

response to external environment

(Location of receptors)

 

 

 

Term
What are enteroreceptors?
Definition

response to internal environment

(Location of receptors)

Term
What are prioprioreceptors?
Definition

Response to body position/ motion

(Location of receptors)

Term
Define the term mechanoreceptors?
Definition

any mechanical deviation

  • ie. touc, pressure, vibration, proprioception etc

Term
Define the term thermoreceptors?
Definition
changes in temporature
Term
Define the term nocireceptors?
Definition
pain; physical or chemical damage
Term
Define the term photoreceptors?
Definition
light; rods & cones of the eye (type of stimulus detected)
Term
Define the term chemoreceptors?
Definition

shapes of different molecules

 

  • i.e, taste, smell, chemicals of blood

(type of stimulus detected)

 

Term
What is a simple receptor?
Definition
a receptor associated with general senses (touch, pressure, vibration, pain)
Term
What is a Complex receptor?
Definition
a receptor associated with Special senses (smell, taste, sigh, hearing, equilibrium)
Term
Tactile Skin sense consists of...
Definition

  • light touch (location not perceived)
  • discriminative touch (location perceived)
  • Merkel's discs (discriminative touch)
  • organs of Ruffini - deep, continuous touch

Term
Pressure Skin sense consists of..
Definition

  • felt over a large area than touch, much deeper
  • Pacinian corpuscle - lower layers of dermis

Term
Vibration Skin sense consists of..
Definition
detection of high and low frequency vibration
Term
Thermosensation Skin sense consists of..
Definition
response to hot/cold; may be free nerve endings
Term
Describe the different kinds of skin pain (nonciception)
Definition

  • acute pain (very quick, not felt in deep areas)
  • chronic pain (longer lasting, gradual increase)
  • somatic pain (skin, muscles, joints) superficial - skin, deep - muscle, joint, tendon, fascia

Term
Visceral pain Skin sense consists of..
Definition
from receptors in organs
Term
refered pain Skin sense is..
Definition
projected to skin above organ
Term
Describe the Proprioceptive (kinesthetic)sense in detail?
Definition

function- position of limbs/body & equilibrium

 

muscle spindles

intrafusal fibers - inner muscle fibers

type Ia sensory - in center

type II sensory - at ends

Gamma motor neuron - from ventral horn

extrafusal fibers - outer muscle fibers

Alpha motor neurons - form ventral horn

Golgi (tendon) organs

at junction of tendon and muscle

Joint kinesthetic receptors - within/around synovial joints

Term
Describe the Olfactor Sense?
Definition

1. olfactory cells - bipolar neurons in epithelium

2. olfactory glands - secrete mucus to clean epithelium

3. olfactory nerve (I) - axons of olfactory cells

4. olfactory bulbs - brain region where (I) synapses

5. olfactory tract - axons from bulbs to cortex

Term
Describe the Gustation System?
Definition

1. gustatory cells - neuron with hairlike extension

2. taste buds - location of gustatory cells

3. facial nerve (VII) - anterior 2/3 of tongue

4. glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) - posterior 1/3

5. vagus nerve (X) - throat and epiglottis

6. -> medulla -> thalamus -> cortex

Term
Describe the acessory structures of the eye?
Definition

a. eyebrows

b. eyelids (palpebrae)

i. levator palpebrae superioris muscle

ii. palpebral fissure

iii. lateral commissure

iv. medial commissure

v. lacrimal caruncle (lacrimal gland) crying

 

c. tarsal plate - inner wall of eyelid

 

d. tarsal glands - secrete oil

 

e. conjunctiva - mucous membrane of eyelid

 

f. eyelashes

 

g. lacrimal gland - for tear secretion

 

i. lacrimal ducts

ii. lacrimal puncta

iii. lacrimal sac

iv. nasolacrimal duct

Term
What consists of the Structure of the eyeball?
Definition

a. fibrous tunic - outer coat of the eyeball

i. sclera - posterior portion ii. cornea - anterior portion

 

b. vascular tunic (uvea) - middle layer

i. choroid - posterior, pigment/vasculature

ii. ciliary body - muscle shapes lens

iii. iris - colored part, with pupil (hole)

 

c. nervous tunic (retina) - posterior surface

i. photoreceptors (rods & cones)

ii. bipolar cells

iii. ganglion cells

 

d. lens - just behind pupil and iris

Term
Describe what consists of the Pathway of Light to the Brain?
Definition

a. photoreceptors pick up the light

b. ganglion cells converge signals -> optic nerve

c. optic nerve -> lateral geniculate of thalamus

d. lateral geniculate -> occipital cortex

Term
What consists of the external ear?
Definition

a. pinna (auricle) - Ross Perot

b. helix - rim of the pinna c. lobule - your mate's favorite part

d. external auditory canal

e. ceruminous glands - love that earwax!

f. tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Term
What structures consists of the middle ear?
Definition

a. tympanic antrum - chamber to air cells

 

b. auditory (Eustachian) tube - to nasopharynx

 

c. auditory ossicles - bones of middle ear

i. malleus - attached to tympanic membrane

ii. incus - intermediate bone iii. stapes - stirrup

 

d. tensor tympani muscles - to malleus (protect)

 

e. stapedius muscle - to stapes (protect)

 

f. oval and round windows - to inner ear

Term
What structures consists of the inner ear?
Definition

a. bony labyrinth - has fluid called perilymph

i. vestibule

ii. cochlea

iii. semicircular canals

 

b. membranous labyrinth - has endolymph

 

c. vestibule - oval central portion body labyr.

i. utricle & saccule - two sacs

 

d. cochlea - sound organ, sounds are sensed here

 

e. semicircular canals - equilibrium in 3-D

Term
Describe the Neural Pathway for Sound/Equilibrium Sensation?
Definition
cochlea/vestibular -> vestibulocochlear (VIII)
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