Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Exam 4
Psych 101
30
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/27/2015

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is major theme #2?
Definition
There seem to be 2 antagonistic orientations to the world: Approach and withdrawal
Term
What is the psychodynamic approach? (Freud)
Definition

the original "talk therapy"

Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences--and the therapist's interpretations of them--released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Term
What is the behavioral approach?
Definition

-not quite a major theme yet

-situtation that matters

-systematic desensitization (treatment for phobias when patient is progressively progressed anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques)

-token economies ( method of rewarding certain activity with tokens)

-operant conditioning (especially in institutions, and with children..use of reinforcement with desired response)

-counter conditioning (pairs trigger stimulus such as enclosed space in elevator with new response such as relaxation)

ex. for alcoholism

Term
What is exposure therapy?
Definition
Treat anxieties by exposing them (in imagination or reality) to the things they fear and avoid
Term

What is the major theme associted with the cognitive approach?

 

Definition

There's nothing good or bad, but thinking makes it so

Cognitive therapy: Aaron Beck

Term
What is the humanistic approach?
Definition

-People are intrinsically good; emphasis on growth

-Gestalt therapies: focus on the here-and-now, feelings, authenticity

-Carl Rogers: client-centered therapy

-get self-concept congruent with actual experience

-therapist shows unconditional positive regard

Term
What is a technique used during client-centered therapy?
Definition
active listening: empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
Term
What is social psychology?
Definition

scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

-examines the influence of social processes on the way people think, feel, and behave

Term
What is correspondence bias, created by Jones and Harris in 1967?
Definition
don't judge a person until you have walked a mile in his/her shoes
Term
What is the actor-observer bias?
Definition

-We make dispositional attributions for others, but situational attribution for ourselves

-so give people the same benefit of the doubt that you give yourself

Term
What is the self-serving attributional bias?
Definition

Our successes are due to our dispositions, our failures due to our situations

-healthy in moderation, in western culture

 

Term
What is an attitude?
Definition

an association between an act or object and an evaluation

-belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

-composed of A, B, and C

 

Term
Do attitudes cause behavior? Explain
Definition

much les than you think.

-LaPiere:1934, restaurants served chinese couple, despite saying they wouldnt

-general attitudes predict very little, since the situation dominates

Term
What is the term for behaviors causing attitudes?
Definition

Cognitive dissonance

-Ex. All subjects perform boring task for 1 hour.

Control group: no lie, end with negative attitude

Exp. Group 1: Lies for $1, end with positive attitude 

Exp. Group 2: Lies for $20, ends with negative attitude

A discrepancy between an attitude and our behavior leads to tension. something must have changed, usually the attitude

Term
What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?
Definition
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Term
What is conformity?
Definition
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Term
What is social facilitation?
Definition

Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others

-occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with taks that are difficut or not yet mastered

Term
What is social loafing?
Definition
Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Term
What is deindividuation
Definition
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anymity
Term
What is a stereotype?
Definition
a generalized belief about a group of people
Term
What is prejudice?
Definition

An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members

involves:

Affect= hostility, cotempt

Behavior=discrimination (unjustifiable negative behavior)

Cognition= negative stereotype

Term
What is the person-situation debate?
Definition

-the personality is in the eye of the beholder

-there is no stable personality that you maintain over time

-situations are much more powerful than personality in predicting behavior

critical evidence: Walter Mischel's (1968) book showing that the personality coefficient" is r=.30

Term
What is major theme #1?
Definition

Correlation does not equal causation!

-be careful about interpreting research

-be careful about interpretting patters in world

 

Term
What is major theme #2?
Definition

Antagonistic systems push against each other to reach a shifting balance point

-many of the behaviors we fight against are in fact functional

-this means that change is often difficult

-but understanding this principle helps you figure out change

Term
What is major theme #3?
Definition

the divided self. You may feel like a unified person but you contain several "intelligences" that sometimes conflict

-we may not have conscious awareness of all our motives

Term
What is major theme #4?
Definition

your brain is constantly adding information, but you don't know it

-what we experience feels like the truth or like a replay of past events

-but no matter how real it feels, our brain adds to the story

Term
What is major theme #5?
Definition

Everything psychological is simultaneously biological.

-learn to accept that not everything is caused by ( and can be controlled by) conscious thinking

-remember that thinking can have profound effects on the body

Term
What is major theme #6?
Definition
-always ask whether there is another way to interpret a situation -these interpretations matter and can affect your behavior, emotions, even your health
Term
What is major theme #7?
Definition

The situation matters more than you think.

-don't a person until you have walked a mile in his/her shoes

-Pay attention to the subtle ways that situational factors influence your behavior

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