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Exam 4
12/6
36
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
12/04/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Reasoning:
Definition
Cognitive process by which people start with information and come to conclusion that goes beyond that information
Term
Distinguish: Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning
Definition
Deductive: Based on the information we have, we make conclusions that are DEFINITELY true
vs
Inductive Reasoning: Based on the information we have, we make conclusions that one probably true
Term
Define Conditional Syllogisms in four words:
Definition
"If P, then Q"
Term
"If you drink too much, then you'll get a hangover" is an example of what kind of syllogisms?
Definition
Conditional Syllogism
Term
[Fill In The Blanks] Deductive Reasoning is a type of ______ logic. Typically people are ______ _____ _______ at this. Sometimes better if presented in ____-______ logic.
Definition
Deductive Reasoning is a type of [formal] logic. Typically people are [not very good] at this. Sometimes better if presented in [real-world] logic.
Term
Heuristics:
Definition
"Mental Shortcuts" that [reduce effort] in making a judgment or decision.
Term
Availability Heuristic:
-Define
-What is one phenomenon that increases this use of heuristic?
Definition
Events more easily remembered are judged as being more probable than those less easily remembered.
Term
Illusory Correlations:
Definition
Correlation appears to exist, but does not exist or is much weaker than assumed
Term
Representatives Heuristic:
Definition
The probability that A comes from B can be determined by how well A resembles properties of B.
Term
Phonemic Restoration Effect
Definition
"fill in" missing phonemes based on the context of sentence and portion of word presented.
Term
McGurk Effect
Definition
Vision and Auditory perception creating an illusion.
Term
Lexical Ambiguity
and an example
Definition
Words have more than one meaning
"Computer has a bug" vs "Bug crawled across the floor"
Term
Garden Path Sentences
Definition
Sentences that lead a reader "down a path" that seems right but turns out to be wrong
Term
Semantic Coordination:
Definition
Conversations go more smoothly if participants have shared knowledge.
Term
Syntactic Coordination:
Definition
Using similar grammatical construction
Term
Syntactic Priming:
Definition
Hearing a person construct a specific grammatical construction increases the changes that other person will use that construction.
Term
Given-New Contract:
Definition
Speaker constructs sentences so they include given and new information.
Term
A natural language must have:
Definition
1.Regularity
2.Productivity (Generative)
3.Arbitrariness
4.Discreteness
Term
What does Discreteness in terms of Language?
Definition
Basic units of speech can be categorical into distinct categories.
Term
Types of Problems:
Definition
1. Insight
2. Transformational
3. Arrangement
4. Induction
5. Decduction
Term
Insight Problems:
Definition
Sudden realization of a problem's solution
Term
Transformational Problems:
Definition
Solver is given a goal state.
Solver must find appropriate strategies to get form the initial state to goal state
Example: Tower of Hanoi
Term
Induction Problems:
Definition
Solver is given a series of exemplars and must figure out the pattern or rule that relates the exemplars
Term
Deduction Problems:
Definition
Solver is given premises or conditions and must determine whether a conclusion fits the promises.
Term
Conditional Syllogisms involve what kind of problem?
Definition
Deduction problems
Term
There are three obstacles to overcome when trying to solve a problem. One is that a poor initial problem representation makes it difficult to solve a problem. A solution is to change the problem representation (reconstruction) What are the other two and their solutions?
Definition
1. People sometimes place a [False Constraint] on the permissible ways to solve the problem.
-Solution: Examine if you're imposing constraints - "Think outside the box"
2. [Functional Fixedness] is restricting the use of an object to its familiar functions.
-Solution: Use new and innovative solutions.
2.
Term
Novice organize knowledge using ________ ___________, as opposed to Experts who organize knowledge using _______ ___________.
Definition
Novice organize knowledge using [Surface Characteristics], as opposed to Experts who organize knowledge using [Deep Structure].
Term
This is what type of problem:
1, 2, 3, 8, 13... 21, 34.
Definition
Induction Problems
Term
We can create new sentences because language is:
[2 items]
Definition
1. Hierarchical
2. Governed by Rules
Term
Psycholinguistics does what:
Definition
Discover psychological process by which humans acquire and process language
Term
Language is composed what what components?
Definition
Comprehension
Speech Production
Acquisition
Term
One reason Noam Chomsky opposed to B.F. Skinner's theory on language is because children....
Definition
... produce sentences that they have never heard and that have never been reinforced.
Term
"Mary met me for lunch today. She looks tired"
How do we know who "she" is in the second sentence? What process is it called?
Definition
Anaphoric Inference
Term
"Sharon took Aspirin. Her headache went away"
How do we know her headache went away in the second sentence? What process is this called?
Definition
Casual Inference
Term
"Ed got an alligator for his birthday"
In terms of the Given-New Contract, what is the Given segment, and what is the New segment?
Definition
Given: His birthday
New Got an alligator
Term
In terms of language, what does "Arbitrariness" mean?
Definition
Lack of resemblance between the meaning and the sound or form of a word.
The word Big doesn't represent large things, it's only a three letter word that may have been created arbitrarily or derived from another language.
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