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Exam 3: Daoism, Confucianism, and Shinto
ASU Kefeli; Daoism, Confucianism, and Shinto (Rel 100)
90
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 1
11/07/2011

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Term
Shang dynasty
Definition
(1600-1122 BCE) – first identifiable Chinese state.
Term
Chou dynasty
Definition
(3rd c. BCE) – period of major political and social chaos. States fought with one another.
Term
Dao
Definition
literally means "way" or "path." The Dao is often translated as "the Way of all things," and is the mysterious source and ordering principle of the universe.
Term
Where is Dao practiced?
Definition
Throughout China. Daoism is also practiced in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Chinese communities of Malaysia, Thailand, and Syngapore
- the United States (for example, San Francisco)
Term
When did Daoism emerge?
Definition
In the Chou dynasty, 3rd c. BCE
Term
What does "Qi" or "Chee" mean?
Definition
Qi is the primordial energy, the breath of life; swirling patterns of cloud-like energy
Term
What are the characteristics of Yin?
Definition
is dark, heavy, obscure, passive, earth, death, and feminine
Term
What are the characteristics of Yang?
Definition
Is light, warm, airy, active, life, heaven, and masculine
Term
What is a Taiji diagram?
Definition
[image]
Term
What is the purpose of the Daoist practice?
Definition
The purpose of the Daoist practice is to learn how to control the Qi (Chee).
Term

T’ai-chi ch’uan

 

Definition
Literally: "Supreme Ultimate Fist"; internal Chinese martial art, used to practice defence and longevity.
Term

 

Shang Ti

 

Definition

 

Shang Ti was not a Creator-God. He was the supreme ancestor of the Chinese and in particular he was the ancestor of the ruling Shang family. This deity was the guarantor of the moral order. He could determine whether human projects would be successful. He was conceived as being masculine. All deities were subordinate to him. The king consulted Shang Ti. The king is the chief priest and diviner of the realm. He performed rites on behalf of all the people to secure Shang Ti’s blessings.

 

Term

 

Where did Confucianism dominate the philosophy of education?

 

Definition

 

China, Korea, and Japan

 

Term

 

What is the mandate of heaven?

 

Definition

 

Zhou Dynasty (1122-221BCE): The Mandate of Heaven was the self-existing moral law of virtue, the supreme reality. The concept is that a virtuous family may be charged or obligated by heaven to rule.

 

t’ien ming

 

Term

The Emperor was known as the Son of Heaven until what date?

 

 

Definition

 

1906

 

Term

What is I Ching?

 

Definition
It is the Book of Changes
Term
What are oracle bones?
Definition

 

 Form of divination. Over time cracks were identified with the yin and yang forces, an unbroken line with yang, and a broken line with the yin.

 

Term

 

what is "De" or "te"?

 

Definition
The inherrent power of virtue
Term
Who is Laozi?
Definition

 

6th c. BCE: 

the legendary sage

author of the Daodejing

 

 

by the first century CE, Laozi was referred to as an immortal.

 

 

Term

 

What is the Daodejing?

 

Definition

 

The Classic of the Way and its Power it was written in the 4th-3rd c. BCE by Laozi. (Religious/political book of Daoists.)

 

 

 

Term
Define wu-wei
Definition

 

non-action, inaction, non-purposiveness (go with the flow)

 

Term

 

What does wu-wei mean in government?

 

Definition
Non-inteference.
Term
Who was Zhuang Zi?
Definition

 

Another important Daoist thinker: (Master Chuang, also written as Chuang Tzu) in the fourth century BCE. He is the legendary author of a work that goes by the same name.

 

Term
What is "The Way of the Celestial Masters?"
Definition

 

Zhang Daoling organized this group in the 

(1st c.-2nd c. CE)

 

in Western China. This group still exists today in Taiwan. This secret society aimed to attain longevity through faith healing, meditative trance, and alchemy. The movement accepted minorities and women in the ranks of parish leadership.

 

Term
Who founded The Way of The Celestial Masters?
Definition

 

Zhang Daoling

 

Term

Describe the group "The Yellow Turbans"

 

Definition
They were headed by Zhang Jue (2nd c. CE). They conquered the Yellow River in eastern China (they were a militant society that no longer exists.)
Term
Another way of saying "The Celestial Worthies"
Definition
Is "The Three Purities."
Term
Who are The Three Officials?
Definition

 

The Three Officials are

1)the Primordial Celestial Worthy;

2)the Celestial Worthy of Numinous Treasure; and

3)the Celestial Worthy of the Way and Its Power (the deified Laozi).

 

 

Term
Who or what are the Eight Immortals?
Definition

 

They consists of human beings who—through learning, self-discipline, alchemy —have purified themselves of mortal imperfections and become gods, a transformation often described as "ascending to the heavens in broad daylight." They are called the Eight immortals. Among them is the Maiden immortal.

 

Term
Who is Shen?
Definition
Shen is the god of the stove.
Term
What are the Analects?
Definition
The Analects is the book of the sayings of Confucious.
Term
What are the Five Classics? 
Definition

The classical literature of the time preceding Confucious, including poetry, history, and divination

Term
What are the Four Books?
Definition

The Major Confucian books, which include the sayings of Confucius and Mencius

Term
Who/What is junzi?
Definition
"Noble person," the refined human ideal of Confucianism
Term
Who are Legalists?
Definition
Legalists are the strictists of the Chinese philosophical school, which advocated strong laws and punishments.
Term
What is "li"?
Definition

Li is: appropriate action, riitual, propriety (doing the right thing at the right time), etiquette.

Term
Who were the Mohists?
Definition

The Mohists were a Chinese school of philosophy that taught universal love.

Term
What is "ren?"
Definition

"Ren" is empathy, consideration for others, humaneness; a Confucian virtue.

Term
What is "shu?"
Definition
"Shu" is Reciprocity (the golden rule)
Term
What is "wen?"
Definition
"Wen" is cultural refinement; a Confucian virtue.
Term
What is "xiao?"
Definition
"Xiao" is Family devotion, filial piety, a Confucian virtue.
Term
What is Yijing?
Definition
Yijing is just another name for the (I Ching)
Term

 

How do Daoists and Confucians differ from one another?

 

Definition

 

Daoists emphasized nature and its laws. Confucians found the secret of life in persons and their better relationships.

 

 

Daoists sought the harmony of individuals with the Dao. Confucius desired harmony between the cosmos order and the social order.

 

Term

Who is Kung fu-tz? (6th c. BCE)

 

Definition

 

"Kung fu-tzu" is Confucios before his name was Latinized.

 

Term
What is The Great Learning?
Definition

 

The Great Learning was written by Da Xue.

The book deals with the education of gentlemen in general. In classical Chinese education, this was the first text studied by schoolboys.

 

 

Term

What is The Book of Mencius?

 

 

Definition

 

Written in the (3rd c. BCE). It is a collection of the sayings of one of Confucius’s principal disciples. It systematized the teachings of Confucius.

 

Term
What are the Five Basic Relationships?
Definition

 

parent and child
- husband and wife
- elder and younger brother
- friend and friend
- ruler and subject

 

Term

 

What is the Way of Dao for Confucians?

 

Definition

 

For Confucians, the way to the Dao is to seek virtue actively

 

Term
What is "cheng-ming?"
Definition

 

cheng-ming is "the rectification of names."

 

 

Term
Who is Master Meng (Mencius)?
Definition

He believed that:

1) humans are by nature good. There are times when good feelings are not prompted by desire for reward. This natural goodness must be cultivated.
2) like Confucius, he emphasized obligations to, and love of, family members
3) rulers are obligated to help provide the material means for life to all citizens. They should adhere to a land distribution system to insure fair distribution.
4) citizens have the right to revolt against a ruler who fails to live up to his obligations

 

Term
Define: wen miao
Definition

 

Temples or “temples of culture”

 

Term
What did Confuciain Scholars accomplish during the Han dynasty?
Definition

They belonged to a new kind of landowning gentry.

They had largely replaced the old aristocracy.

As government officials, they oversaw the educational network;

They also performed rituals in the court and on the local level.

Term
How influential is Confucianism in Korea?
Definition

 

Under the Yi dynasty (end of the fourteenth century-1900s CE) Mahayana Buddhism’s dominance gradually lessened. The Yi dynasty was thoroughly Confucian in court politics and elite culture. In the nineteenth century, the government tried to limit the economic power of monastic estates. Even today Confucian influence is felt in South Korea (in political behavior, legal practice, ancestral veneration, and village schools).

 

Term
How did Confucianism spread in Japan?
Definition

 

In the seventh century CE, Confucianism’s influence began to be felt. In the seventeenth century the Tokugawa rulers saw to a more thorough Confucianization of society. It can be argued that Japanese companies are operated on the model of the Confucian family.

 

Term

 

Confucianism in China During the Modern Period

 

Definition

 

 

*1905 the Ch’ing rulers abolished the civil service exam in favor of a Western system of education


 *1949 the communist government outlawed sacrifices to Confucius


 *1980 Confucius has been rehabilitated.

 

 

Term
Why was Confucius has been rehabilitated in 1980?
Definition

 

Authorities came to believe that the revivalism of Confucianism might help to counteract the rising tide of individualistic consumerism and distrust of those in authority, especially among the youth.

 

Term
What does the word Shinto mean?
Definition

 

Shinto comes from two Chinese words: shen (spirits) and dao (way), that is the “way of the spirits.”

 

Term
Who is Amaterasu?
Definition
Amaterasu means "Shinning in heaven" and is the goddess of the sun.
Term
What is bushido?
Definition

bushido is the

"Warrior knight way";

military devotion to a ruler, demanding loyalty, duty, and self-sacrifice;

and ideal promoted by State Shinto.

Term
What is gagaku?
Definition
gagaku is the stately ceremonial music of Shinto.
Term
What/where is Ise?
Definition
Location in southeastern Honshu of a major shrine to Amaterasu
Term
What is Iznagii?
Definition
The primordial male parent god
Term
what is a jinja?
Definition
A shinto shrine.
Term
What is a Kami?
Definition
A spirit, god, or goddess of Shinto.
Term
What is a kamidana?
Definition
A shelf or home altar for the veneration of kami.
Term
What is a kamikaze?
Definition
suicide fighter pilots of WWII
Term
What is Kojiki?
Definition

The earliest chronicle of Japanese history

712, “Chronicles of Ancient Events”

 

Term
What is misogi?
Definition
A ritual of purification that involves standing under a waterfall.
Term
What is Nihongi?
Definition
The second chronicle of Japanese history
Term
What is Noh?
Definition
Dramas performed in masks and costumes, associated with Shinto.
Term
What is Omoto?
Definition
A New Religion, which stresses art and beauty.
Term
What are samurai?
Definition
Feudal soldier
Term
What is a shimenawa?
Definition
A twisted rope which marks a sacred spot
Term
What is Tenrikyo?
Definition
A New Religion, devoted to human betterment
Term
What is torii?
Definition
A gatelike structure which marks a Shinto sacred place.
Term
What is Iznami?
Definition
The femake primordial parent god
Term

 

What is the meaning of the word Shinto?

 

Definition

 

Shinto comes from two Chinese words: shen (spirits) and dao (way), that is the “way of the spirits.”

 

Term
When did Shinto and Buddhism adjust to one another?
Definition

 

6th c. CE

 

Term

 

When did the Emperor Meiji reinterpret Shinto in response to Western challenge?

 

Definition
In the 19th c.
Term

The first to deny his divinity, the emperor Hirohito denied his divinity on what date?

 

Definition
In 1945 Hirohito denied his divinity.
Term

 

Who was Jimmu Tenno, and when did he live?

 

 

Definition

 

(7th c. BCE), first human emperor of Japan. He was a human with a kami nature

 

Term

 

What is the meaning of worship in Shinto?

 

Definition

 

Worship is not so much a human attempt to obtain a special blessing. It is to share, through ritual, fellowship of life with the kami.

 

Term

 

What is the relationship between Shinto and Buddhism?

 

Definition

 

Japanese peoples called on both kami and Buddhist deities, buddha's and kami's in paintings etc.

 

Term

 

Who was Motoori Norinaga?

 

Definition

 

(1730-1801).
 * He argued that Shinto surpassed all religions and encompassed all religions.
 * He declared that Buddha and Confucius are kami and that their ways are roads of the wide Way of Kami.
 * He taught that Japan was superior to other countries. Other countries should give allegiance to the Mikado, the Japanese emperor.

 

Term
Meiji reforms:
Definition

 

He purified it of many Buddhist influences.

 

Term

 

What is State Shinto?

 

Definition

 

(Jinja Shinto)
- amplified the Japanese traditions of ancestor veneration
- was identified with the emperor, the government, and patriotism. State Shinto affirmed the connection of the nation with ancestors, the will of the emperor, and the goddess. The individual belonged to the state.
- included most of the Shinto shrines and rituals
- placed all shrines under the control of a government Bureau of Shrines

 

Term

 

Mt Fiji

 

Definition

 

pilgrimage place

 

Term

 

Tenrikyo

 

Definition
A spiritual group devoted to human betterment
Term

 

What is the Shinto worldview?

 

Definition

 

What does it mean to be human?
Japanese are potentially kami. They came from acts of kami, and by acting heroically, they can become kami. As do Confucians, Japanese look on humans as servants of family, state, and ancestors. An individual is never isolated. He or she is always part of an extended family and a national people. People are expected to do their best for all these groups.

 

Term

 

Where is The Grand Imperial Shrine of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu located?

 

Definition
Ise
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