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Exam 3
Equine Neuro Dz Pt IV
31
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
04/06/2017

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Cards

Term
What is the etiology behind tetanus?
Definition
-Clostridium tetani
-anaerovic, spre-forming G+
Term
What leads to tetanus infection?
Definition
-fecal/soil contaminent
-castration, tail-docking, etc
Term
What is the typical incubation period of tetanus?
Definition
-2w-1m
Term
What are the clinical signs of tetanus?
Definition
-colic for first 24h
-stiffness, lameness in infected limb
-generalized spasticity: stiff gait, extended head, sawhorse stance, sardonic grin, pump handle tail, clamped jaw, third eyelid
-hyperesponsed
-aspriation pneumonia
Term
What are the major differentials for a hyper responsive horse?
Definition
-WNV
-tetanus
Term
What are the major differentials for a horse w/ prolapsed third eyelid?
Definition
-tetanus
-HYPP
Term
Describe the pathophysiology of tetanus.
Definition
-typically occurs after a puncture wound
-while in an anaerobic environment spores germinate to vegetative form
-spores highly resistant to normal host defenses & has long incubatio nperiod
Term
What are the six general principles of treating tetanus?
Definition
-provide muscle relaxation
-ensure good footing
-eliminate infeciton
-neutralize unbound toxin
-maintain hydration & nutritional status
-establish active antitoxic immunity
Term
How do we provide m relaxation w/ tetanus tx?
Definition
-sedation: Acepromazine (no in stallions), pentobarbital, diazepam (not for long-term)
-m relaxants: methocarbamol: expensive
-quiet, dark stalls
-pack ears
Term
How do we eliminate tetanus tx?
Definition
-debridement of infected area of noticeable
-K penicillin G
-procaine penicillin G
Term
How do we neutralize unbound tetanus toxin? Disadvantages?
Definition
-antitoxin
-Disadvantages: expenseive,hepatic necrosis, anaphylaxis
Term
How do we establish active antitoxic immunity for tetanus?
Definition
-immunize at time of tx & 2m later
-AT DIFFERENT SITE THAN ANTITOXIN
Term
What is the prognosis of tetanus?
Definition
-80% mortality
-animals that last a week have fair to good
-survivors typically show immprovement in 2w
Term
How do we prevent tetanus?
Definition
-maternal immunity before foal is born
-immunize foals too at 4,6/12m w/ annual boosters
-immunize pregnant mares 30d before foaling
Term
What is the etiology behind Botulism?
Definition
-Clostridium botulinum
-g+ spore-forming obligate anaerobes
Term
Describe the forage poisoning form of botuslism.
Definition
-adult horses ingesting preformed toxin in feed
-block Ach rc
-DESCHENDING SYMMETRIC PARALYSIS
-round bales = inc risk
Term
Describe the wound form of botulism.
Definition
-w/ castration, injection abscess, infected umbillicus, puncture wounds
Term
What is Shaker Foal Syndrome due to botulism?
Definition
-develops in few days to several m of life
-ingest spores in the soil & find toxin in feces
Term
What are the CS of botulism?
Definition
-signs appear w/in 24h of exposure
-slow eating or colic first
-weakness (no ataxia)
-dysphagia
-poor muscle tone
-muscle tremors, esp in triceps region
Term
What are some major differentials for botulism?
Definition
-WNV
-EMND
-EHV
-EPM
=rabies
Term
How do we diagnose botulism?
Definition
-hx + CS: acute onset of flaccid paralysis, weak or poor eyelid tone, poor tail tone, slow or difficult eating, dysphagia
-toxin in feed
-dx of exclusion
-electromyography: sounds like bacon popping
Term
How do we treat botulism?
Definition
-expensive, time-consuming, often unrewarding
-antitoxin
-hyperimmune plasma
-supportive care: AVOID MAKING THE HORSE RISE AND STAND
-abx: penicillin (avoid aminoglycosides & metronidazole)
Term
What is the prognosis of botulism?
Definition
-poor in genral
-shorter time down & maintain ability to swallow = better prognosis
Term
What is the seasonality of leukoencephalomalacia?
Definition
-late fal through early spring
Term
What causes leukoencephalomalacia?
Definition
-caused by mycotoxin fumonisin B1
-ingest contaminated corn
Term
What are the CS of leukoencephalomalacia?
Definition
-Syndromes: neurotoxic (most common) & hepatotoxicosis
-CS evident 3-4w following daily ingestion
-found dead
Term
Describe the CS of the neurologic syndrome of leukoencephalomalacia.
Definition
-ataxia
-aimless walking
-intermittent anorexia
-lethargy, depression
-blindness, head pressing
0hyperexcitability
-beligerence
-extreme agitation
-profuse sweating
-delirium
Term
Describe th eCS of the hepatotoxic syndrome of leukoencephalomalacia.
Definition
-swelling of lips & nose
-somnolence
-severe icterus
-petechiae of MM
-abdominal breathing
-cyanosis
Term
What are some differential diagnoses of leukoencephalomalacia?
Definition
-hepatic encephalopathy
-trauma
-WNV
-EEE
-rabies
-bacterial meningoencephalitis
-EPM
-verminous encephalitis
Term
How do we diagnose leukoencephalomalacia?
Definition
-PM lesions
-feed analysis: chronic exposure thus current feed may not show positive
Term
How do we treat leukocephalomalacia?
Definition
-supportive & symptomatic
-remove feed
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