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Exam 3
Chapter 7
44
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/20/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Intuition
Definition
An effortless,immediate,automatic feeling or though, as contrasted with explicit,conscious reasoning- something acquired expertise becomes automatic habit.
Term
Cognition
Definition
Thinking, manipulating and transforming information in memory.
Term
What psychologists are called that study it?
Definition
Cognitive psychologist, cognitive neuropsychologist.
Term
Cognitions major theme
Definition
Conservation of resources/energy(shortcuts)(often help-sometimes gets us in trouble)
Term
Mental Images
Definition
=Internal, picture-like representations(things or vents)
Term
Concepts
Definition
=Ideas that represent a group of similar objects,events,ideas, or people
Term
How mental images help
Definition
How help? Organization-speed, often less cumbersome than verbal Mental maps-help find things
Term
Why develop concepts
Definition
-Helps with new data 1)Formal-by definition 2)Natural- by prototype(typical example) -note important features-use to compare -speeds sorting into categories -speeds up/guides problem solving
Term
Problem solving
Definition
-Thinking and behaving in ways to rach a goal -Identify goals and steps needed to get there
Term
Trial and Error
Definition
Try different way until one works -aka mechanical
Term
Algorthims
Definition
-Step by step procedures that gaurantee a solution(can ne labor intensive) example: every letter every place formula
Term
Heuristics
Definition
-Speedier but more error prone -Educated guess bade on past experience example: 1)what letters likey together 2) kids tv show? 3) means-end analysis
Term
Insight
Definition
-Solution comes suddenly and often novel (aha! moment)
Term
Creativity
Definition
Ability to combine ideas and behaviors in new ways-think outside the box
Term
Conformation Bias
Definition
Tendency to search for information that supports what we already think and to ignore or distart informaiong that contradicts our belief.
Term
Fixation
Definition

-Mental set

-Functional fixedness

Term
Mental set
Definition
Tendency to approach problems from only one way (esp. if worked in past) - but failure to see from new perspective can slow problem solving too
Term
Functional fixedness
Definition
-Tendency to think oh things only in terms of usual funtions
Term
Effects of framing
Definition
How an issure is posed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
Term
Representative Heuristic
Definition
-Judging how likey something is by how well it represents preototype
Term
Intelligence
Definition
  • Reflects the ability to understans the world

-to learn from experience

-to acquire knowledge

-to use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems

  • Intell cannot me measured directly-must infer
  • signs of intelligence will vary by culture
Term
Availabilty Heuristic
Definition
-The easier it is to think of an example, the more likey we are to think it will happen. -Yet ease may be dure to vividness or personal experiences-not reality
Term
Overconfidence
Definition
-We are often more confident then we are correct! -We overestimate accuracy of our beliefs/judgments
Term
The belief perseverance phenomenon
Definition
Tendency to cling to initial conceptions even after basis they were formed on has been discredited.
Term
General Intelligence(g factor)
Definition

Ability to reason and solve problems

 

Term
Specific Intelligences (s factor)
Definition

bility to excel in certain areas

(like music,art,business)

Term
Crystallized
Definition

-Accumlated knowledge, verbal skills, strategies

-(school info)(cultural influences)

Term
Fluid
Definition

-Ability to problem solve, see relationshipd, reason abstractly

-Believed to be relatively free of cultural influences

Term
Analytic Intelligence
Definition

Ability to break problems into prats to solve

(traditional)

Term
Creative Intelligence
Definition
Combine ideas in new ways to solve problems
Term
Practical Intelligence
Definition
Social skills and common sense
Term
IQ (Intelligence quotient)
Definition
A score that indicates how well you did on that particular intelligence test compared to others your age
Term
How is IQ measured?
Definition

-Test answers collected on 100s of people of different ages

-Row score (# right) converted to IQ scores using formulas

-IQ tells you : how well you did for your age(mean=100)(sd=15)

-Average score of 100

- Better than average >100

- Below average <100

Term
Criteria to receieve a diagnosis mental retardation
Definition
  1. IQ<70
  2. Deflicts in adapative behavior
  3. Before age 18
Term
Leraning disability
Definition

-Achievment significant below expectations (based on IQ)

-Can you be gifted and have a learning disability? YES

Term
Environmental contributers to intelligence
Definition

-IQ generally stable after age 6-7

(and if it changes, doesn't change over night- older you are even less likely it chnages unless you have big corresponding enviornment changes(for better or worse))

-Can make a substantial difference

(one adoption study up 12 points over controls)

-Environment factors known to impact- SES, parental communication/support, quality of schools/neighborhoods, nutrition and healthcare

Term
The flynn effect
Definition

-Increase in average IQ score about 3 points(restandardize)

-Biggest jump- problem solving, not general knowledge

Term
Things associated with IQ
Definition

-Scholastic achievement:yes(starts age 7)

(Higher IQ, better grades, more likely stay)

-Voccational outcome: yes( again starts age 7)

(higher IQ more likely prestigious job)

-Health, adjustment, life satisfaction: mixed

( kids better liked peers- higher)

(juvenile delinquent and aggresive-lower)

(no relationship: depression,enxiety,social w/d)

Term
Human development
Definition
Changes between conception and death
Term
Developmental psychology
Definition

-Study of human development

-Now interest is in lifespan

Term
What do developmental psychologist study?
Definition
Changes in social,emotional,physical,cognitive
Term
Developmental psycholgy two major themes
Definition
  1. Variability is the norm and it is ok!
  2. Nature vs. Nurture

Genes vs. Enviornment

Term
Why is development so hard to study?
Definition

-Measuring a moving target

-Development is multifacted and multiply determined(different parts can develop at different rates)

-Gerneally more variability with age(friends, family, job, society, diet, biology,etc.)

Term
What specific research methods are used to study development?
Definition
  1. Longitudinal( 1 group many time)

(some people at different ages)(wait and expesive)(see how indivisulas change-scores and ranking)(attrition?)

  1. Cross-sectional(many groups one time)

(different people at different ages- simultaneous)(faster and cheaper-see age differeneces)(cohort effect?) 

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