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Exam 3
Ch. 18 BLOOD
59
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/15/2011

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Term
circulatory system is composed of?
Definition
Cardiovascular system and lymphatic system
Term
cardiovascular system is composed of...
Definition
blood, heart and blood vessels
Term
blood circulation order
Definition
heart -> arteries-> capillaries-> veins -> back to heart
Term
what happens at the capillaries?
Definition
-nutrients and O2 exit the bloodstream
-CO2 and cellular waster enter bloodstream
Term
blood composition
Definition
-8% of body mass
-connective tissue
Term
how many liters of blood are in men and women?
Definition
Men- 5-6L
Women- 4-5L
Term
what are the two main components in blood composition?
Definition
cellular and liquid
Term
three parts of blood composition
Definition
-plasma
-Formed elements
-Hematocrit
Term
what do the formed elements of bloof composition consist of?
Definition
buffy coat:
-leukocytes
-thrombocytes
Erythrocytes
Term
what is the hematocrit (RBC) % in men and women
Definition
men: 47+-5%
women: 42+-5%
Term
plasma proteins: Albumin
Definition
keep water in the bloodstream
Term
plasma proteins: Globulin
Definition
trasnport of iron, copper, and lipids
Term
plasma protein: fibrogen
Definition
plasma protein involved in blood coagulaion
Term
Define serum
Definition
plasma with out blood coagulation proteins
Term
Fromed elements (blood cells): Erythrocytes
Definition
no organelles or nuclei
Term
formed elements (blood cells): platelets
Definition
cell fragments
Term
formed elements (blood elements): leukocyes
Definition
real cells (WBC)
Term
where do the formed elements (blood cells) originate?
Definition
Bone marrow
Term
life span of formed elements (blood cells) are?
Definition
Short
Term
Erythrocytes (RBC)general
Definition
-small
-most numerous fromed element
~25 trillion in adults
-good measument tools
-live 100-120 days
-biconcave discs
Term
Erythrocytes (RBC) in depth
Definition
-no nucleus or organelles(ex. mitochondria)
-surrounded by plasma membrane
-cytoplasm contains hemoglobin
Term
___% of erythrocytes that is not water is Hb
Definition
97%
Term
_#__ amino acids chains per Hb molecule
Definition
4
Term
each amino acid has an ____ atom binding site for ______
Definition
Iron; oxygen
Term
amino acids also carry about ____% of teh CO2 thats carried in the blood
Definition
20%
Term
Leukocytes (WBC)general
Definition
-spherical
-kess numerous than RBCs
-disease defense
-bone marrow
Term
what does the disease defense do for leukocytes (WBC)
Definition
function in loose connective tissue
- attracted by chemicals in areas of infection
- diapedesis ("leaping thorough")
- amoeboid motion (allow WBC to carry along)
Term
what is the function of the bone marrow for leukocytes (WBC)?
Definition
-releases WBC continuously into the blood -stores and releases WBCs in larger quantities during infections
Term
leukocytes (WBC)2 groups; 5 types
Definition

-Granulocytes

* neurotrophils

* eosinophils

 * basophils

-Arganulocytes

* lymphocytes

 * monocytes

Term
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Definition

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

monocytes

Eosinphils

Basophils

Term
Neutrophils
Definition

-"neutral loving"

-most abundant WBC

-multiply lobe nucleus

-Granules

-consume and destroy bacteria

                         ~ first line of defence in infection

~ phagocytosis

-pus

*3 section blob (picture)
Term
Neutrophils: Granules
Definition
membrane sacs with digestive enzymes
Term
neutrophils: Pus
Definition
dead neutrophils, other luekocytes, tissue debris and dead bacteria
Term
Eosinophils
Definition

-1-4% of all leukocytes

 -found in the wall of the digestive tube

-2 lobed nucleus

-granules contain digestive enzymes

-alergic reactions:

~phagocytosis of allergens: consume allergerns, degrade histamine, stop reaction

-parasitic infections:

~ attach to parasites, release enzymes, digest & destroy

**looks like a old phone reciever
Term
Basophils
Definition
-0.5% of all leukocytes
-2 lobed nucleus
-Granules contain histomine and molecules secreted to mediate inflammation
*allergic response
* parasitic infections
Mast cells
Basophils
Term
Mast cells-
Basophils-
Definition
Early stages of inflimmation
Later stages of inflimmation
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
-20-45% of all leukocytes
-nucleus occupies the majority of the cell
~filled with chromatin
~typically spherical
~surrounding by a think layer of cytoplasm
-classified by size
-functions connective tissues
~ lymphoid
~ role in immunity
- most important cells of immune system
-each actgs against specific foreign molecule
-Antigen

** nucleus is a big dot
Term
lymphocytes: Antigen
Definition
any molecules enducing response from leukocyte
Term
classifications of lymphocytes:
T cells
Definition
-direct attack till dies, punch holes in membrane
-work on "alien" cells taht have nucleus, organelles
Term
classification of lymphocytes:
B cells
Definition
-differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies which bind to antigens and "flag" them for phagocytosis
-work on bacteria toxins
Term
classifications of lymphocytes:
natural killer cells
Definition
rapid attack before entire immune system response is generated
-duck, duck, goose analogy, goose "doesnt feel right"
Term
monocytes
Definition
-4-8% of WBC
-nucleus typically horseshoe or kidney shape
-more cytoplasm than lymphocytes
-can contain tiny granules(doesnt count as classif.)
-once in CT, they transform into macrophages
~phagocytic
~move by amoeboid motion
~ingest foriegn cells, molecules, tiny debris patricles
Term
complete blood count (CBC)
Definition
-hematocrit
-hemoglobin
-concentration (per cubic centimeter)
*erythrocytes
*leukocytes
*platelets
-CBC with differential examines structural abnormalities
Term
platelets
Definition
-thrombocytes "clotting cells"
-disc-shaped fragments with plasma membrane
-limit bleeding
~plug tears in vessel walls
~signal using secretory granules
'more platelets
'vessel constriction
'initiate inflammation
- release thromboplastin-> clotting(fibrin)
-clot
-thrombus
-embolus
Term
platelets: clot
Definition
fibrin, platelets, trapped blood cells
Term
platelets: thrombus
Definition
clot that develops and stays (can block vessel)
Term
platelets: embolus
Definition
a moving thrombus
Term
formation of blood cells
Definition
-hematopoiesis(to make blood)
-continues through life
-occures in RED bone marrow
~at birth all marrow is red
~ in adults, located in axial skeleton, girdles, proximal epiphysis of humerus and femur
~some cells in red marrow are mesenchymal stem cells (give rise to fat cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, muscle cells)
-yellow marrow contains fat cells
~only makes blood in emergency
~in adults, located in other regions of long bones
-basic framework of bone marrow= reticular CT
Term
cell lines
Definition
-blood cell formation occurs in stages
-all rises from the blood stem cell
Term
the blood stem cell creates two cell types
Definition
-lymphoid stem cells
~give rise to lymphocytes
-myeloid stem cells
~give rise to all other blood cells
Term
blood disorders: RBC disorders: polycythemia
Definition
-excess RBCs
-blood is too viscous(need dilution)
Term
RBC disorders: Anemia
Definition
RBC or Hb levels are low
- cause by blood loss, iron deficiency, etc.
- symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath
Term
RBC disorders: sickle cell disease
Definition
-defect in Hb causes it to crystallize if O2 low or RBCs dehydrate
-distort RBC shape
-bone and chest pain, stroke
-affects 1 in 400 african americans
Term
WBC disorders: Leukemia
Definition
-cancer from uncontrolled leukocytes formation
-cancer cells take over bone marrow, ruin normal blood cell production
~lymphoblastic
~myeloblastic
~acute
~chronic
Term
WBC disorders:leukemia:lymphoblastic
Definition
immature lymph cell
Term
WBC disorders:leukemia:myeblastic
Definition
immature cell from myeloid line
Term
WBC disorders:leukemia: acute
Definition
rapid development
Term
WBC disorders:leukemia:chronic
Definition
slowly developing
Term
WBC disorder: platelet disorder
Definition
-thrombocytopenia
~low concentration of platelets in blood
~internal bleeding, diminished clot formation
~can result from cancer treatment (chemo), bone marrow damage, etc.
~spleen is the organ that destroys platelets( and other blood cells)
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