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Exam 3
Diseases and Agents
131
Microbiology
Graduate
05/03/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Vaginitis
Definition

Tricomonas Vaginalis

Candida Albicans

Term
Vaginosis 
Definition

Mobiluncus spp.

Gardnerella Vaginitis 

Term
Environment for Trichomonas Vaginalis?
Definition
Obligate Anaerobe
Term

What are the agents that account for 50% of all cases of vaginitis and vaginosis?

 

What are the environments of these agents?

Definition

Mobiluncus 

Gardnerella

 

Both are obligate anaerobes 

Term
Most common agent of acute, uncomplicated cystitis (79%)?
Definition
Escheria coli
Term
Second most common agent of acute uncomplicated cystitis in women? Characteristic?
Definition
Staph saprophyticus; coagulase negative
Term
What is the primary agent for complicated UTI?
Definition
Escherichia Coli
Term
For which type of UTI is the agent different? What is that agent?
Definition

The type of UTI that is NOT due to E. Coli is catheter-associated UTI. 

 

The agent for catheter associated UTI is candida albicans. 

Term
Pyelonephritis: most common agent (89%)
Definition
E. Coli
Term
Kidney Stones; what is produced by bacteria? Number one agent?
Definition
Urease is produced. Corynebacterium
Term
Hematogenously Acquired UTI: most common agent? characteristic? 
Definition
Staph aureus (coagulase positive)
Term
Syphilis/GUD agent
Definition
Treponema Pallidum
Term
Chancroid/GUD agent
Definition
Haemophilus ducreyi
Term
Gonorrhea (urethitis/cervicitis) agent
Definition
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Term
Chalmydial urethitis/cervicitis agent
Definition
Chlamydia trachomatis 
Term
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)/GUD agent
Definition
Chlamydia trachomatis
Term
Genital Herpes/GUD agent
Definition
HHV 2 and HHV 1 (to a lesser extent)
Term
Cervical Papillomas & condyloma acuminatum (external anogenital warts) agent
Definition
Papillomavirus
Term
Agent of Focal Encephalitis
Definition
HSV-1
Term
Agent of Diffuse Encephalitis
Definition

arbovirus

 

Term
Agents of encephalomyelitis
Definition
Poliovirus and West Nile Virus
Term
Class of primary agents for encephalitis? (virus or bacteria)
Definition
Virus
Term
Most common cause of meningitis?
Definition
Viruses
Term
Second Most common cause of meningitis?
Definition
Bacteria-7 major agents
Term
For mass lesions, humans are the _______ hosts of parasites.
Definition
intermediate
Term

________ produce cystic lesions and act as a parasite on humans.

E.g. T. solium and echinococcosis-hydatid cyst

Definition
Helminths (flat worms)
Term
A _______ is formed in the parenchyma as a result of human immune response to protozoan infection.
Definition
pseudocyst
Term

Protozoan Agent of mass lesions?

Definition
T. Gondii (toxoplasmosis)
Term
What is a neurotoxic disease?
Definition
Pathology due to an exotoxin
Term
Name two neurotoxic diseases and the infectious agents of both
Definition

Tetanus: Clostridium Tetani

Botulism: Clostridium botulinum

Term

PNS disease that causes infection of sensory nerves? Give etiologic agent.

 

Definition
Leprosy: mycobacterium leprae
Term
PNS disease that involves the demyelination of the PNS. etiologic agent?
Definition
Guillain-Barre Syndrome; campylobaceter jejuni 
Term
Does bacteria preferentially cause meningitis or encephalitis?
Definition
Usually meningitis, but it can cause encephalitis.
Term
When deciding what bacteria is the cause of a meningitis, what factor must be taken into account?
Definition
AGE
Term
What kind of meningitis do viruses cause?
Definition
Aseptic meningitis
Term
What are the viral agents for meningitis?
Definition

HHV-6 and HHV-7

Non polio enteroviruses (coxsackie and ECHO viruses)

Arbovirus

Mumps (unless countries immunize against it)

Term
What group of people does HHV-6 and HHV-7 attack in viral meningitis?
Definition
infants and young children
Term
which viral agent of meningitis is more common in children, but more sever in adults?
Definition
non-polio enteroviruses
Term
Which agent of viral meningitis is a risk for in sexually active individuals?
Definition
HSV-2
Term
which encephalitis is caused by arbovirus? which seasons does this usually occur in?
Definition
diffuse encephalitis; summer/fall months
Term

Name two rare causes of focal encephalitis: 

One is rare due to animal vaccination.

The other is rare due to human vaccination

Definition

Rabies virus

and

Mumps/measles virus

Term

CURRENT number one etiologic agent for responsible for community-acquired bacterial meningitis?

 

 

Definition

N. Meningitidis!

 

After mumps/measles, H. influenzae, and conjugated pneumoccocal vaccines have been developed, nesseria is now the biggest agent.

Term
If a neonate or adult acquired meningitis during the summer, what is the most probable agent?
Definition
listeria Monocytogenes
Term
If an infant or child acquired meningitis during the winter or spring season, which agent is most likely responsible?
Definition
H. influenzae
Term
If an infant or young adult presented with meningitis in the winter, what is the most likely agent?
Definition
N. Meningiditis
Term
If an infant or an elderly person presented with meningitis during the winter, what is the likely agent?
Definition
S. Pneumoniae 
Term
What are the four bacterial agents responsible for meningitis in the neonate?
Definition

Streptococcus agalactiae

E. Coli K1

Listeria Monocytogenes

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Term
What is the number one most important predisposing factor for neonate meningitis?
Definition
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
Term
What is the etiologic agent for GBS? What kind of bacteria class is it?
Definition

Streptococcus Agalactiae

Gram positive cocci

Term
What is the leading cause of bacteremia in the first three months of life?
Definition
Strep Agalactiae; REMEMBER: normal flora
Term
The incidence of Group B step is high in which demographic?
Definition
Pregnant women > 60 years of age? 25% mortality 
Term
What is the most common form of GBS in the neonate?
Definition
Early, acute onset sepsis (bacteremia), where the mother is the source
Term
What is the less common form of GBS in the neonate?
Definition

Late, insidious onset sepsis.

Occurs from 7 days to 3 months of birth.

Term
What disease in the "screening approach" effective at reducing the disease a great deal? When is antimicrobial prophylaxis given to the identified (screened) carrier?
Definition

The screening approach is done for carriers of GBS. OR if they were not screened and are delivering prematurely.

 

Penicillin G or amplicillin is given INTRAPARTUM.

Before labor or post-partum will have no effect.

Term
In the "nonscreening approach" who is offered antimicrobial therapy?
Definition

Pregnant women that present with risk factors:

 

elevated temp intrapartum

membrane rupture in greater than 18 hours after birth

premature onset of labor

Term

Which agent of neonatal meningitis is described as: 

**ubiquitous (environment, normal fecal flora, foods)

a gram positive cocci

can be transferred in utero and transplacentally

Definition
Listeria Monocytogenes
Term

A gravid female infected by L. Monocytogenes will manifest with a ______.

 

They will rarely present with ______?

 

Why is does the illness occur in the gravid female's 3rd trimester?

Definition

1. Bacteremia

2. Meningitis

3. Greatest decline in mother's CMI

Term

The fetus infected in utero by L. monocytogenes results in: (other than birth problems)

 

 

 

Definition
Early onset sepsis syndrome; fetal mortality rate is high
Term

Early onset sepsis due to Listeria Monocytogenes (neonatal bacterial meningitis) is associated with?

 

How is the fetus infected?

 

What complications may arise?

Definition

Premature births

 

Fetus is infected in utero by inhaling infected amniotic fluid

 

Dissemination: abcesses and granulomas in multiple organs

Term

Where does late onset meningoencephalitis in newborns occur (as opposed to early onset)?

 

When do S&S manifest?

 

Is mortality higher or lower than acute onset?

Definition

-late onset occurs during or after birth vs. in utero

 

Symptoms manifest 1-2 weeks after birth

 

Mortality is moderate as compared to early onset, however neurological sequelae occur in survivors.

Term

What type of "test" is done to detect a congenital infection?

Name the 4 diseases.

Definition

Toxoplasma

Rubella

CMV

HSV-1 and HSV-2

Term
What is the leading etiologic cause of infection and morbidity in the neonate?
Definition
CMV
Term
Which immunoglobulin do Torch/Storch tests test for? Why?
Definition
IgM because since IgG crosses the placenta, we need to make sure it's the fetus' blood, not the mother's.
Term
What is the most common result of arbovirus infection encephalitis?
Definition
Asymptomatic infection
Term
What is the most common manifestation of poliovirus in focal encephalitis?
Definition
asymptomatic infection
Term
From what animal does half of all the rabies cases come from?
Definition
Bats
Term
Of the 7 agents of bacterial meningitis, which results in the highest mortality rate?
Definition
Pneumococcal meningitis
Term
What are the three focal encephalitis agents?
Definition
poliovirus, rabies virus, and herpes 1 and 2
Term
In rabies, name the two forms of presentation and the one which is more prevalent
Definition
The two forms are the furious form (80% of cases) and the paralytic/dumb form )20%
Term
most common single pathogen of mass lesions/abcesses in CNS?
Definition
Staph Aureus
Term
Etiologic agent of Neurocysticercosis (NCC)? (also most common parasitic infection of CNS)
Definition
Taenia solium-cestode/helminth
Term
What type of agent is toxoplasma gondii?
Definition
obligate intracellular protozoan
Term
45% of people in the US are carriers of toxoplasmosis due to ingestion of undercooked food: pseudocysts. Why do many people not show signs and symptoms?
Definition
Reactivation of latent infection only occurs after immunosuppression of CMI. So AIDS patients are at risk
Term
What are the majority of manifestations of toxoplasmosis?
Definition
Asymptomatic
Term
Which disease is described as "cysts spread hematogenously to all organs and tissues where the trophozoites emerge from ruptured macrophages to infect any nucleated cells"
Definition
Toxoplasmosis
Term
Agent of Gastritis?
Definition
Helicobacter Pylori: gram negative curved rod
Term

induction of IL-8 -->cancer

acid tolerant because it produces copious amounts of urease

produces cytotoxin VacA required for ulcers

 

^these describe virulence factors of which agent?

 

Definition
H. pylori
Term
If ulcerdisease is in STOMACH, and not caused by NSAID's, it is probably due to
Definition
H. pylori
Term

Epidemiology:

-gram negative curved rod

-noninvasive

-virulence factor: healt-labile enterotoxin

-high dose organism (need 1 mil bacteria to infect)

-vehicle is shellfish and water

-occurs in SUMMER months

 

Agent?

 

Definition
Vibrio Cholerae
Term
Where does V. Cholerae grow?
Definition
Small intestine
Term
Agents of AFEBRILE, WATERY diarrhea (3)
Definition
Vibrio Cholerae; enterogenic E. coli, Aeromonas
Term
enterogetnic E. Coli has same mode of action as cholera, however two differences in manifestations:
Definition

Not as sever and much more abrupt (1-3 days vs. week)

 

Traveler's diarrhea

Term
For vibrio cholera, what causes the disease exactlY?
Definition
The illness is caused by enterotoxin
Term
Name 3 foodborne diseases
Definition
Staph aureus, Bacillus cereus, and clostridium perfringens type A
Term
"acute emetic and diarrheal disease that grows in improperly prepared custard foods and potato salad" is caused by this agent
Definition
Staph aureus
Term

Short incubation period

entertoxin absorbed in gut

acts on vomiting center after dissemination to CNS

 

^describes pathogenesis of which agent?

Definition
staph aureus for food-borne illness
Term
The emetic form of which agent is very similar to staph aureus' food-borne disease? 
Definition
Bacillus cereus
Term
Where are spores for bacillus cereus normally found?
Definition
rice
Term

Which of the foodborne diseases are 

 

A. Heat Labile

B. Heat Stable

C. Heat Labile and Acid labile

Definition

A. Bacillus is heat labile

B. Staph aureus is heat stable

C. clostridium perfringens is heat and acid labile

Term
Bacillus cereus has which two forms of manifestation?
Definition
EMETIC and diarrheal
Term

Which of the following are extracellular protozoans, and which are obligate intracellular invasive?

 

Giardia

Cryptosporidium and cyclospora

 

Definition

Giardia: extracellular

C and C: obligate intracellular invasive

 

Term
What are the four agents that are intestinal protozoans?
Definition
Giardia, cyclospora, cryptosporidium, microsporidia
Term
Are protozoans low or high dose infectious organisms?
Definition
They are LOW dose, only needing 10-1000 cysts/oocsysts
Term
Most common cause of water-borne outbreaks in US? (swimming pools, water parks, etc) Second?
Definition

1. Cryptosporidium parvum

2. Giardia lamblia

Term
Seasonality for protozoan agents
Definition
late summer, early fall
Term
Agent where pt. presents with afebrile water diarrhea with flatulence, abdominal distension, steatorrhea, watery-greasy foul smelling stools due to malabsorption
Definition
Giardia
Term

acid fast gents responsible for: afebrile water diarrhea with mucous, flatulence, N+V, abdominal distension.

 

diarrhea is explosive and self-limiting in immunocompetent. lasts 2 weeks.

 

diarrhea for 2 months; dissemination to GI tract, liver, pancreas lungs in immunocompromised

Definition
Cryptosporidium and cylcospora
Term
What is the most common cause of HIV diarrhea?
Definition
enterocytozan (microspordia)
Term
Which two agents present with diarrhea with or without fever?
Definition

enterohemorrhagic E. Coli and Shigatoxin-producing ecoli 

 

(EHEC and STEC)

Term
Is there bacteria in the blood for STEC and EHEC?
Definition
NO. Only toxin in blood
Term
agent of amoebic dysentery?
Definition
entamoeba histolytica
Term

Which form is the infection form in entamoeba?

 

What shaped formations are found surrounding intestinal mucosa after cell destruction in dysyntery?

Definition

cyst form is infectious

 

"flask shaped" formations

Term
Which agent causes diarrhea and colitus after either broad-spec antibiotic therapy or antacids/PPI's?
Definition
Clostridium Difficile
Term
Which types of people are predisposed to infection by clostridium difficle?
Definition
elderly > 60 year old females
Term
How can you tell the differnce between AAC and AAPMC? 
Definition
AAPMC has more severe, profuse diarrhea, and it prsents with classic yellowish plaques scattered over colonic mucosa* (pseduomembranes)
Term
Three agents of VIRAL gastroenteritis (osmotic diarrhea) (all are obligate intracellular)
Definition

-rotavirus

-norwalk and noroviruses

Term

Which is endemic in winter?

 

Norwalk virus

Rotavirus 

Norovirus

Definition
Rotavirus
Term

The following describes which agent?

 

causes epidemic viral gastroenteritis, occurs primarily in older children and adults; most cases in summer; outbreaks in communities/nursing homes.

Definition
norwalk/noroviruses
Term
Which agent is responsible for 50% of all food-borne gastroenteritis breakouts in US? 
Definition
norovirus
Term

Name 4 invasive diarrheal agents:

(ALL G - rods)

Definition
Shigella, campylobacter jejuni, yersinia enterocolitica, salmonella
Term

Shigella, Yersinia, and Salmonella _____ human cells

 

 

Definition
invade
Term
campylobacter, yersinia, and salmonella cause _____________
Definition
bacteremia
Term
Agent that causes Bacillary Dysentery?
Definition
Shigella
Term

For shigella, the sole reservoir is:

 

For campylobacter, it exists in NF of GIT of ____

Definition
humans; chickens
Term
leading cause of gastroenteritis world-wide?
Definition
campylobacter jejuni
Term

Agent thats virulence factor is similar to ST toxin of ecoli

-winter seasonality

-transmitted via unpasteurized milk, canned meat, and blood transfusions

Definition
Yersenia enterocolitica
Term
reservoirs principally animals; infection of chicken oviducts, so washing exteral egg won't help. summer/fall seasonality; high dose organism
Definition
Salmonella
Term
Leading cause of seafood-associated fatalaties in the USA?
Definition
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Term

Three Helminth/Tapeworm (cestode) infections?

 

 

Definition
Taenia saginata, T. solium, and diphyllobothrium latum
Term

Humans are the definitive/intermediate host

Pork Tapeworm

can cause cysticercosis

Definition
Taenia Solium
Term
3 nematode (roundworm agents)
Definition

Enterobius 

Trichuris trichiura

Ascaris

Term

For three nematodes:

Hosts?

Which agent is described below:

thumbsuckers at risk

trouble sleeping at night because females lay eggs at night, cause itching

Definition

humans are only hosts

 

enterobiasis

Term

light infections (asymptomatic) 

heavier infections (symptomatic)

systemic symptoms include blood loss

Definition
Trichuriasis (trichuris trichiura)
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