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Exam 3
digestive, nutrition, metabolism
53
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/07/2011

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Cards

Term
general features of alimentary canal
Definition

muscular tube

begins at mouth, ends at anus

contains several specialized regions

Term
functions of alimentary canal
Definition
digest and absorb food
Term
regions of alimentary canal
Definition

mouth

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

Term
accessory organs of alimentary canal
Definition

teeth

tongue

gallbladder

salivary glands

liver

pancreas

Term
function of serous membranes
Definition
reduce friction
Term
serous membranes of digestive system
Definition

parietal peritoneum

visceral peritoneum

both are continuous

Term
parietal peritoneum
Definition
lines abdominopelvic cavity
Term
visceral peritoneum
Definition
lines external surface of most digestive organs
Term
function of serous membranes in peritoneal cavity
Definition

lubricates digestive organs

allows them to slide across one another

Term
mesentery
Definition
fused double layer of parietal peritoneum that helps hold organs in place
Term
what does the mesentery provide?
Definition
routes for blood, lymphatics, and nerves to reach organs
Term
locations of mesentery
Definition

dorsal

ventral

Term
retroperitoneal position
Definition
parts of some organs lose mesentery and become located dorsal to peritoneum
Term
generalized structure of alimentary wall
Definition

mucosa

submucosa

muscularis externa

serosa (adventitia)

Term
mucosa
Definition
moist mucous membrane that lines lumen
Term
composition of mucosa
Definition
epithelial tissue and thin underlying connective tissue (lamina propria)
Term
functions of mucosa
Definition

protection against infectious diseases

absorption of end products of digestion

secretion of mucus and digestive enzymes

Term
composition of submucosa
Definition
loose connective tissue
Term
functions of submucosa
Definition

carries blood/lymphatic vessel, nerves

transports absorbed nutrients

Term
composition of muscularis externa
Definition
2-3 layers of smooth muscle arranced in circular and longitudinal bundles
Term
peristalsis
Definition
rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle that propel food through GI tract
Term
segmentation
Definition
peristaltic waves that churn and mix food as it passes through the GI tracts
Term
what portions of GI tract have segmentation?
Definition

stomach

small intestine

Term
composition of serosa
Definition

connective tissue and outer mesothelium

includes visceral peritoneum

Term
function of serosa
Definition
binds organ together
Term
sphincters
Definition
ring-like muscular valves formed by thickened areas of muscularis externa
Term
function of sphincters
Definition

prevent backflow of food into GI tract

regulate entry/exit from organs

Term
accessory glands
Definition

located outside GI tract but empty secretions into GI tract via ducts

Term
protection of GI from itself
Definition

Mucous

zymogens

Term
where does mucous come from
Definition
primarily goblet cells dispersed throughout GI tract
Term
zymogens
Definition

digestive enzymes secreted in an inactive form

activated at site of action when food is present

Term
life of epithelial cells
Definition
3 day half life
Term
what activates digestion
Definition
chemical and mechanical stimuli
Term
what do mechanoreceptors sense?
Definition
stretch
Term
what do chemoreceptors sense
Definition

osmolarity

pH

presence of certain substances

Term
what reflexes do receptors initiate
Definition

activation of inhibition of gland secretions into lumen

hormone secretions

mixing

peristalsis

Term
hormonal control of GI function
Definition
some endocrine cells are present that communicate locally and via bloodstream to anther organ
Term
steps of digestive process
Definition

ingestion

propulsion

mechanical digestion

chemical digestion

absorption

defecation

Term
ingestion
Definition
intake of food
Term
propulsion
Definition
process that moves food through the alimentary canal
Term
mechanical digestion
Definition

physical grinding or mixing of food to increase surface area for chemical digestion

keeps food exposed for chemical digestion

Term
chemical digestion
Definition
catabolic process by which food materials are broken down to their basic components
Term
functions of enzymes
Definition

breakdown carbs

nucleic acids

proteins

lipids

Term
absorption
Definition
transport of digested food materials across the cell membrane of intestines into blood or lymphatic vessels
Term
defecation
Definition
elimination of undigested solid wastes from the large intestine
Term
enteroendocrine cells
Definition
secrete a variety of hormones into the underlying lamina propria
Term
intestinal gastrin reflex
Definition

chyme enter proximal small intestine

distension

continued secretion of gastric juice

mimics gastrin activity

Term
enterogastric reflex
Definition

continued distension activates stretch receptors in wall of small intestine

slows rate of peristalsis in stomach

tightens pyloric sphincter

Term
rate of churning
Definition
3 peristaltic waves per minute move toward the pylorus
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