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Exam 3 Learning and memory ch7
N/A
16
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/27/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Concept
Definition
An abstract representation, description, or definition that serves to designate a class or catagory of things
Term
Category-Specific Deficit
Definition
An inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed
Term
Exemplar Theory
Definition

We make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances in the category

 

 

See a four-legged animal that might be a wolf or a coyote, but reminds you of you friends german shepard. You figure it's a dog and keep walking. Categorized this animal into "dog" because it bore resemblance to dogs you know. Good EXEMPLAR of the category "dog" 

Term
Rational Choice Theory
Definition
We make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two
Term
Availability Bias
Definition
Items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occured more frequently
Term
Heuristic
Definition

A fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not garuntee that a solution will be reached

 

-shortcut such as availability bias  

 

-mental shortcuts, rules of thumb  

Term
Algorithm
Definition
A well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarentees a solution to a problem
Term
Conjunction Fallacy
Definition
When people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event
Term
Representativeness Heuristic
Definition
Making a probability judgement by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event
Term
Framing Effects
Definition

When people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased

 

Telling someone a drug has a 70% effectiveness rate (they are impresse)

or

Telling someone a drug has a 30% failure rate 

(They think it is too risky, or harmful) 

Term
Sunk-Cost Fallacy
Definition

When people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation

 

Buy tickets to concert for $100, the day of the concert it is raining you could either

-Spend $100 and go to the concert and be miserable for hours  

-Spend $100 and be comfortable at home

$100 is gone no matter what but you feel obligation to go because you spent the money 

Term
Prospect Theory
Definition
People choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains
Term
Frequency Format Hypothesis
Definition

Our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur

 

 

Term
Means-End Analysis
Definition

A process of searching for the means or steps to reduce differences between the current situation and the desired goal

 

 -Analyze goal

-Analyze the current state

-List differences between the current state and the goal state

-Reduce list of differences by

-direct means

-Generating a subgoal

-Finding a familiar problem that has a known solution 

Term
Analogical Problem Solving
Definition
To solve a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem
Term
Functional Fixedness
Definition
The tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed
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