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exam 2: textbook questions
exam 2/ psychology/ psyc 2000/ lsu/ noacklesage
235
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/26/2014

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Term
In making a large pot of chili for a family reunion, you find that you have to add 1 onion to you r pot of chili that already has 5 onions mixed in it to notice a difference. According to Weber's Law, how may onions would you have to add to notice a difference if you are making twice as much chili with 10 onions?
Definition
2
Term
a study purportedly conducted by James Vicary teaches us what about the power of subliminal perception and its effect on advertising
Definition
subliminal advertising is effective on those who believe in the power of the unconscious
Term
you detect the strong smell of cedar when you enter a furniture store. However, after a short while in the store, you no longer can detect the smell. This process is known as
Definition
perceptual constancy
Term
which term refers to the amplitude of a light wave such as how high or low the wave is?
Definition
color
Term
When an ophthalmologist surgically corrects a patient's vision through LASIK or PRK, the doctor is making adjustments to the patient's
Definition
cornea
Term
what part of the eye hardens as we age thus causing many to suffer form presbyopia?
Definition
lens
Term
a deer's inability to quickly respond to the headlights of an approaching car is due to what sensory phenomenon
Definition
light adaptation
Term
the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup are part of the
Definition
middle ear
Term
john has played his music loudly for years. now, in his 20's, he finds he has a continuous ringing in both of his ears. what would john probably be diagnosed with
Definition
regardless of the disorder, john will ultimately require a cochlear implant
Term
studies show that taste preference can typicaly begin
Definition
in the first 3-6 months after birth
Term
jude is suffering from a severe cold. his nose has been stopped up for several days. what effect, if any, might his cold have on his sense of taste?
Definition
his sense of taste will be dulled since taste and smell often work together
Term
if a child suffers from congenital analgesia, why must he or she be careful when outside playing
Definition
the child's sense of smell does not work properly
Term
if tabitha closes her eyes when she rides in her parent's car, she can still tell that the car is moving. this is due to the movement of tiny crystals in the
Definition
otolith organs
Term
a child may sometimes play by quickly turning around in a circle. when the child stops, he or she often feels like his of her head is still spinning. what is responsible for this sensation?
Definition
disruption of the otolith crystals
Term
little karla is with her mother at the docks waiting for her daddy to return form his naval deployment. while the boast is still a ways out, her mother says, "there is daddy's boat" karla is confused. she cannot understand how her dad can be on a boat that is so small that she can hold up her thumb and the boat disappears. its safe to assume that karla does not yet understand
Definition
size constancy
Term
from past experiences, you know that commercial jets typically fly around 500 miles per hour at a height of 30,000 feet. however, as you watch one fly high overhead, it seems to slowly pass by. what monocular depth cue best explains this
Definition
texture gradient
Term
the muller lyer illusion is influenced greatly by one's
Definition
gender
Term
allison opened her new jigsaw puzzle but soon realized that she had the same puzzle when she was a child. with her past experience to rely upon, allison will probably use __________ to help her assemble the puzzle
Definition
perceptual set
Term
kip enjoys playing with sparklers on the 4th of july. he always loves watching a friend run with a sparkler and the momentary trail of light that seems to be left behind. which aspect of our visual system best explains this trail of light
Definition
microsaccades of the eyes
Term
what are sensory receptors?
Definition
specialized forms of neurons that are activated by different stimuli such as light and sound
Term
what is weber's law of just noticeable difference?
Definition
the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is always a constant
Term
what are subliminal stimuli?
Definition
stimuli presented just below the level of conscious awareness, and subliminal perception has been demonstrated in the laboratory. it has not been shown to be effective in advertising
Term
when does habituation occur?
Definition
when the brain ignores a constant stimulus
Term
when does sensory adaptation occur?
Definition
when the sensory receptors stop responding to a constant stimulus
Term
what does brightness correspond to
Definition
the amplitude of light waves
Term
what does color correspond to
Definition
the length of light waves
Term
what is saturation
Definition
the psychological interpretation of wavelengths that are all the same (highly saturated) or varying (less saturated)
Term
what is the path light travels through in the eye?
Definition
cornea--> aqueous humor--> pupil
Term
what does the lens focus
Definition
the light on the retina. passes through ganglion and bipolar cells to stimulate rods and cones
Term
what do rods do and where are they found
Definition
detect changes in brightness. found everywhere in retina except the center (fovea)
Term
what do cones do
Definition
sensitive to colors.
Term
3 colors in trichromatic theory of color perception
Definition
red, green, and blue
Term
4 colors in opponent-process theory of color perception
Definition
red, green, blue, and yellow
Term
what is color blindness
Definition
total lack of color perception
Term
what is color-deficient vision
Definition
color perception that is limited to primarily yellows and blues or reds and greens only
Term
3 aspects of sound
Definition
pitch (frequency), loudness, and timbre (purity)
Term
path of sound through the ear
Definition
pinna (outer ear) --> eardrum --> small bones of the middle ear
Term
what is the stirrup
Definition
the bone that rests on the oval window
Term
where are auditory receptors and what do they do
Definition
they are located in the organ of Corti on the basilar membrane; they send signals to the brain about sound qualities as they vibrate
Term
what causes conduction hearing impairment
Definition
damage to the outer or middle ear structures
Term
what causes nerve hearing impairment
Definition
damage to the inner ear or auditory pathways in the brain
Term
what are hearing aids used for
Definition
conductive hearing impairment
Term
what are cochlear implants used for
Definition
nerve hearing impairment
Term
what is gustation
Definition
sense of taste
Term
5 basic tastes
Definition
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (brothy)
Term
what kind of sense are olfaction and gustation
Definition
chemical
Term
pacinian corpuscles respond to
Definition
pressure
Term
certain nerve endings around hair follicles respond to
Definition
pain and pressure
Term
free nerve endings respond to
Definition
pain, pressure, and temperature
Term
what is the gate-control theory of pain
Definition
when receptors sensitive to pain are stimulated, a neurotransmitter is released into the spinal cord, activating other pain receptors by opening "gates" in the spinal column and sending the message to the brain
Term
how is motion sickness explained
Definition
by the sensory conflict theory; information from the eyes conflicts with information from the vestibular senses causing nausea
Term
gestalt principles of perception
Definition
figure-ground relationships, closure, similarity, continuity, contiguity, and common region
Term
linear perspective, relative size, overlap, aerial (atmospheric) perspective, texture gradient, motion parallax, and accommodation
Definition
monocular cues for depth perception
Term
binocular cues for depth perception
Definition
convergence and binocular overlap
Term
what are illusion
Definition
perceptions that do not correspond to reality or are distortions of visual stimuli
Term
a change in the quality or pattern of mental activity, such as increased alertness or divided consciousness, is called
Definition
an altered state of consciousness
Term
the sleep-wake cycle typically follows a 24-hour cycle and is regulated by the
Definition
supracharismatic nucleus
Term
the pineal gland receives instructions from the ________ to release _____
Definition
supracharismatic nucleus; melatonin
Term
what is involved in determining when we sleep?
Definition
body temperature
Term
what theory states that sleep is a product of evolution?
Definition
adaptive theory
Term
name the disorder: sitting, walking, or performing complex behavior while asleep
Definition
somnambulism
Term
name the disorder: extreme fear, agitation, screaming while asleep
Definition
night terrors
Term
name the disorder: uncomfortable sensations in legs causing movement and loss of sleep
Definition
restless leg syndrome
Term
name the disorder: painful cramps in calf or foot muscles
Definition
nocturnal leg cramps
Term
name the disorder: excessive daytime sleepiness
Definition
hypersomnia
Term
name the disorder: disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle such as jet lag and shift work
Definition
circadian rhythm disorders
Term
name the disorder: urinating while asleep in bed
Definition
enuresis
Term
in what stage of sleep do people typically experience hypnogogic images?
Definition
N1 (NREM Stage 1)
Term
what is a characteristic of N3 (NREM stage 3) sleep?
Definition
deepest stage of sleep
Term
a person who relies heavily on sleeping pills or alcohol to sleep might experience ___________ the following night
Definition
REM rebound
Term
sleepwalking occurs in ___________ sleep, whereas nightmares occur in ______ sleep
Definition
N3; REM
Term
if you find yourself lying in bed unable to sleep for more than 20 minutes, what should you do?
Definition
get out of bed and find some light activity to do (e.g. reading a book)
Term
in which disorder do people tend to snore in a very loud manner?
Definition
sleep apnea
Term
in freud's theory, the actual content of a dream is called
Definition
manifest content
Term
michael finds that most of his dreams are little more than random images that seemingly have been put into a strange storyline. which theory of dreams best explains this?
Definition
activation-synthesis hypothesis
Term
according to calvin hall, what are most dreams centered around?
Definition
everyday life
Term
freud says that dreams are a means of
Definition
wish fulfillment
Term
studies show that most people tend to
Definition
dream in color
Term
the primary key to hypnosis is finding someone who
Definition
accepts suggestions easily
Term
"hey, i couldnt help it. i was hypnotized." what best explains this rationale for one's behavior while hypnotized?
Definition
basic suggestion effect
Term
your friend tells you she is seeing a therapist who wishes to use hypnosis as part of her therapy. however, your friend is concerned that she might be hypnotized without knowing it. what might you tell her?
Definition
that you actually hypnotize yourself and you cannot be hypnotized against your will
Term
which theory of hypnosis includes the idea of a "hidden observer?"
Definition
dissociative
Term
as consequences to stopping drug use, headaches, nausea, shaking, and elevated blood pressure are all signs of
Definition
withdrawal
Term
what drug's physical withdrawal symptoms include sever mood swings (crash), paranoia, extreme fatigue, and an inability to feel pleasure
Definition
cocaine
Term
what is true about nicotine?
Definition
nicotine's addictive power is more powerful than heroin or alcohol
Term
_____________ is a tranquilizer that is also known as the "date rape" drug
Definition
rohypnol
Term
typically, narcotics have the ability to
Definition
suppress the sensation of pain
Term
most studies of marijuana's effects have found that
Definition
it creates a powerful psychological dependency
Term
4 components that produce the circadian rhythm
Definition
activity of the hypothalamus, melatonin, neurotransmitter serotonin, and body temperature
Term
how much sleep does the average adult need
Definition
7-9 hours within each 24 hour period
Term
N1
Definition
light sleep
Term
N2
Definition
indicated by the presence of sleep spindles, bursts of activity on the EEG
Term
N3
Definition
highlighted by the first appearance of delta waves, the slowest and largest waves, and the body is at its lowest level of functioning
Term
REM
Definition
occurs 4 or 5 ties a night, replacing N1 after a full cycle through N1-N3 and then ascending back into lighter stages of sleep.
Term
when do sleepwalking and sleeptalking occur
Definition
N3
Term
when does paralysis of voluntary muscles occur
Definition
REM
Term
when do nightmares occur
Definition
REM
Term
what is manifest content
Definition
the actual dream and its events
Term
what is latent content
Definition
symbolic content of a dream
Term
what did hilgard believe about hypnosis
Definition
the person is in a state of dissociation, in which one part of consciousness is hypnotized and susceptible to suggestion, while another part is aware of everything that occurs
Term
what is the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis
Definition
the hypnotized subject is merely playing a social role- that of the hypnotized person
Term
how are drugs physically addictive
Definition
the user's body craves the drug.
Term
what are barbiturates
Definition
tranquilizers; have a sedative effect
Term
what are valium and xanax
Definition
minor tranquilizers
Term
what can excessive alcohol use lead to
Definition
alcoholism, health problems, loss of control, and death
Term
what are narcotics
Definition
pain-relieving depressants that are derived from the opium poppy
Term
what is the earliest form of narcotics
Definition
opium
Term
what is methadone
Definition
has the ability to control the symptoms of heroin or morphine withdrawal without the euphoria or "high" of heroin or morphine
Term
3 common hallucinogens
Definition
LSD, PCP, MDMA
Term
what are hypnogogic hallucinations
Definition
vivid, realistic hallucinations that occur in N1
Term
what are hypnpompic hallucinations
Definition
hallucinations that occur when awakening form REM sleep
Term
Jane is aware that she is sitting in her psychology class and it is almost lunchtime. She is also aware of how tired she is since staying up late to watch a movie. thus, if jane is aware of what is going on around her and what is going on within her, then it is sage to say that she is in
Definition
a state of waking consciousness
Term
what part of the brain is influential in determining when to sleep
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
as the sun begins to set, winston finds himself becoming more and more sleepy. what structure is sensitive to light and influences when to go to sleep and when to awaken?
Definition
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Term
carlos is pulling an all-nighter in preparation for his big psychology test tomorrow. according to the research, what is the result on carlos' memory when he deprives of sleep the night prior to his exam
Definition
carlos will actually remember less if he deprives himself of sleep the night before
Term
your uncle karl, who recently retired, has mentioned how he doesnt sleep as well as he did when he was younger. for many years, he regularly slept about 7-8 hours, but now that he is in his 60s he tends to get only 5-6 hours of sleep per night. what would you tell him?
Definition
getting less sleep seems to be a common consequence of agins
Term
you find yourself driving very late at night. as you are driving, you realize that you actually were falling off to sleep for a couple of seconds. such a phenomenon is known as
Definition
microsleeps
Term
studies have found that certain chemicals that help repair damaged cells only function while we sleep. what theory best explains this?
Definition
the restorative theory of sleep
Term
in which stage of sleep do spindles occur?
Definition
N2
Term
Josef has had a very demanding day. though his work is not physically challenging, it tends to mentally drain him. what type of sleep will Josef probably require more of?
Definition
REM sleep
Term
your doctor has told you that your youngest son suffers from somnambulism. what is another name for that?
Definition
sleep walking
Term
gerald has difficulty falling off to sleep. harley can fall of to sleep easily but often wakes up early. Dale typically sleeps for 10 hours. all three are tired and not rested upon rising. who seems to be experiencing insomnia?
Definition
all of them
Term
very young infants who suffer from sleep apnea may be more at risk for SIDS. why might these infants have difficulty breathing?
Definition
the brain stem is not yet fully mature
Term
bill suddenly and without warning slips into REM sleep during the day. What is this called?
Definition
narcolepsy
Term
Calvin had a dream about his dog snoopy in which he constantly looked for him but couldnt find him. in reality, calvins dog had died after being hit by a car. according to sigmund freud, his dream in which he was searching for his dog is an example of _____________, while the inner meaning that he misses his dog terrible is an example of ___________.
Definition
manifest content; latent content
Term
when tawny is asked to write down her dreams as a class assignment, she is bothered by the fact that her dreams often seem to jump randomly from scene to scene with little meaning. what theory best explains her dreams?
Definition
activation-synthesis
Term
jackie has found that when she tries to quit drinking, she gets headaches, has night seats, and shakes uncontrollably. such a reaction is an example of
Definition
withdrawal
Term
bobby agreed to be hypnotized during a comedy routine. while hypnotized, he stood on his chair and crowed like a rooster. Later, when his friends asked why he did this, Bobby replied that he didn't know, it must have been because he was hypnotized. what theory best explains this behavior?
Definition
the social-cognitive explanation of hypnosis
Term
what is the most commonly used and abused depressant
Definition
alcohol
Term
which drug, depending on the dosage, can be a hallucinogen, stimulant, depressant, or painkiller?
Definition
PCP
Term
learning can be best described as
Definition
a relatively permanent change in behavior
Term
michael noticed that whenever he moved his dog's food dish, his dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry and excited. He reasoned that because he feeds the dog using that dish, the sound of the dish had become
Definition
a conditioned stimulus
Term
what is essential to classical conditioning
Definition
the CS and UCS must come close together in time
Term
ever since she was scared by a dog as a young child, angelica has been afraid of all dogs. the fact that she is not only afraid of the original dog but all types of dogs is an example of
Definition
stimulus generalization
Term
helen has overcome her fear of toy snakes. however, on one occasion her fear returned when she found a toy snake in the cushions of her couch. such a reaction is called
Definition
spontaneous recovery
Term
in watson's experiences with little albert, the conditioned stimulus was
Definition
the white rat
Term
what is this an example of: as a young child, tony frequently observed his older sisters jump around and scream whenever any of them saw a spider, as they were afraid of them. subsequently, tony experiences feelings of fear when he sees a spider
Definition
classical conditioning
Term
cindy had cheesy tacos at a local mexican restaurant. later she became terribly ill and suffered both bouts of nausea and vomiting. what might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research?
Definition
she will probably get nauseous the next time she tried to eat a cheesy taco
Term
rescorla found that the CS must ________ the UCS for conditioning to take place
Definition
predict
Term
what is this an example of: john, a teenager, gets compliments from carla for wearing a nice shirt. subsequently, john wears the shirt whenever he thinks he will be seeing Carla.
Definition
Thorndike's law of effect
Term
to a dog, __________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer
Definition
dog food; a frisbee
Term
with operant conditioning, _________ are important in forming an association, whereas with classical conditioning, __________ are important in forming an association
Definition
consequences; antecedent stimuli
Term
joe owned a small repair shop. each day, he would check the mail to see if any of his customers mailed in a payment for the work he had done. Some days, he would receive a check or two. At other times, he would have to wait days before getting another payment. what schedule of reinforcement is evident here?
Definition
variable interval
Term
little Jimmie's mother was upset to find that Jimmie had not picked up his building blocks after repeated requests to do so. The next morning, Jimmie found all his blocks had been pick up and put into a bag on the top of the fridge. Jimmie's mother told him that he couldn't play with his blocks for the next two days. Which type of discipline is used?
Definition
punishment by removal
Term
The study of keller and Marian Breland found that instinctive drift in animal behavior is
Definition
genetically determined and not under the influence of learning
Term
tabitha signed up for a new credit card that offers reward miles for every purchase. Tabitha plans to make as many purchases as she can so that she can accumulate enough miles to go on a trip over spring break. This is an example of:
Definition
token economy
Term
what is this an example of: agatha observes a child to see what purpose a disruptive classroom behavior serves, and identifies a new replacement behavior. She then implements a training program for the new behavior, reinforcing often at the simplest levels and gradually removing reinforcers as the child demonstrates the behavior independently
Definition
applied behavior analysis
Term
neurofeedback is a form of _________ and works to change a person's __________ through a series of reinforcements
Definition
biofeedback; brain activity
Term
In Tolman's maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after day 10 reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to meant that these particular rats
Definition
had already learned the maze in the first 9 days
Term
lisa's parents have decided to take a 3-week trip to Europe. Consequently, lisa's mother will not be able to make her famous pies for the upcoming bake sale. When her mother encourages Lisa to bake the pies herself, lisa panics at first but then she finds that she knows how to put the recipe together. her ability to prepare the recipe is an example of
Definition
latent learning
Term
what theory is commonly referred to as the "aha?" phenomenon?
Definition
Kohler's insight theory
Term
research by steven maier suggests that learned helplessness may be due to a higher-level region of the brain known as the _____________ which helps subjects determine what is controllable
Definition
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Term
Bandura's studies found that learning can take place without actual performance. What is this referred to as?
Definition
learning/performance distinction
Term
what is the correct sequence of the four elements of observational learning?
Definition
attention, memory, imitation, desire
Term
who discovered classical conditioning?
Definition
pavlov
Term
why are things called unconditioned?
Definition
because they are not learned
Term
why are things called conditioned?
Definition
because they are learned
Term
what makes some conditioned responses more easily learned than others?
Definition
biological preparedness
Term
who coined "operant conditioning"?
Definition
B.F. Skinner
Term
how can punishment be made more effective
Definition
by making it immediate and consistent and by pairing punishment of the undesirable behavior with reinforcement of the desirable one
Term
what did bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrate
Definition
young children will imitate the aggressive actions of a model even when there is no reinforcement for doing so
Term
sheila almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Sheila looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of
Definition
learning
Term
at home, you rattle the chain on your dog's leash every time you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up the least to put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus
Definition
the sound of the leash
Term
a child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called
Definition
stimulus discrimination
Term
during the cold winter, you have stopped taking you dog for walks. What's more, your dog has gotten used to the fact that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn't going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn't come running to the front door. what has occurred
Definition
extinction
Term
rhonda had tartar sauce on her fish one night. the next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. the next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to
Definition
a conditioned taste aversion
Term
caitlin works in the psychology department's rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Caitlin's psychology professor refers to this example as
Definition
biological preparedness
Term
Blake finds that if he washes his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. What theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out?
Definition
Thorndike's law of effect
Term
in classical conditioning, behavior typically is _________ whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is _______
Definition
involuntary; voluntary
Term
where do secondary reinforcers get their power from
Definition
pavlov's classical conditioning
Term
positive reinforcement results in a _________ in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in a ___________ in the target behavior
Definition
an increase; an increase
Term
belinda has a terrible headache. if she takes some aspirin so as to maker her headache go away, this would be an example of
Definition
negative reinforcement
Term
ben gets paid every 2 weeks. in one 2-week period, he works a total of 20 hours. during another 2 week period, he worked a total of 50 hours. regardless of the total number of hours he works each week, he is paid every 2 weeks. what schedule of reinforcement is being used?
Definition
fixed interval
Term
denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of
Definition
punishment by removal
Term
what is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment?
Definition
negative reinforcement strengthens a response while punishment weakens a response
Term
what is this an example of: a mother ignores her child's temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away
Definition
operant conditioning
Term
studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals exhibit instinctive drift. what does this mean?
Definition
the animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert back to their genetically controlled patters of behavior
Term
Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked how he came up with his idea, he said, "it just cam to me out of nowhere." Psychologists would refer to this as
Definition
insight learning
Term
Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. finally, she gave up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. one day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. What concept might explain her reluctance?
Definition
learned helplessness
Term
What does AMID stand for
Definition
attention, memory, imitation, desire
Term
darla has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1-2 hours each day. however she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Bandura's model of observational learning will explain why darla has not started a similar weight loss program?
Definition
Darla is not motivated nor does she have the desire to begin the program
Term
human memory consists of multiple systems that have the ability to store information for periods of time that range from _______ to _________
Definition
seconds; our lifetime
Term
Ruth has just finished her research paper and handed it in. As she walks out of the classroom, she realizes there were a few more things she should have included in the paper. Ruth's problem is in the memory process of
Definition
retrieval
Term
which model of memory suggests that memory processes occur throughout a neural network simultaneously?
Definition
parallel distributed processing model
Term
research has demonstrated you can enhance your memory for specific words if you think about its meaning, how it can be used, and by giving a personal example of its use. This is best accounted for by which model of memory?
Definition
levels-of-processing model
Term
___________ memories are said to linger in the mind for a few seconds, allowing people the chance to keep with the flow of conversations and remember what was just said
Definition
echoic
Term
information enters into short-term memory through a process known as _____________
Definition
selective attention
Term
what type of memory is similar to a computer hard drive?
Definition
long-term memory
Term
amber meets a cute guy named Carson at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name so she reminds herself that he has the same name as the capital of Nevada (Carson City). This transferring of information form short-term memory is an example of what type of rehearsal?
Definition
elaborative
Term
Brenda has been able to tie her shoes since she was 4 but now finds it difficult to explain to her baby brother how to tie his shoes but she can easily demonstrate it for him. Brenda's memory for shoe-tying is best characterized as a _____________ memory
Definition
nondeclarative (implicit)
Term
when you take your final exam in you psychology class, what type of memory will you most certainly need to access to answer each question?
Definition
semantic
Term
what concept suggests that the best place to study for your psychology final to ensure good retrieval of concepts is your psychology classroom?
Definition
encoding specificity
Term
Jaclynn had written a grocery list but accidentally left it at home. Trying to remember the list, Jaclynn remembers what was at the beginning of the list and what was at the end but not those things in the middle. this is an example of the
Definition
serial position effect
Term
multiple-choice test questions rely on ________ while essay questions rely on ________
Definition
recognition; recall
Term
studies by Elizabeth Loftus find that memory
Definition
is highly fluid and can be altered by the person even when the person is unaware he or she is doing it
Term
Felisha can recall with great detail the day of her weeding and all that occurred. What might psychologists say about these particular flashbulb memories?
Definition
the memories were likely enhanced in part by the hormones released during emotional moments
Term
studies show that as time passes, memories
Definition
tend to become more and more inaccurate
Term
In Loftus's 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident. Later, some of the subjects were asked a question about a yield sign when the actual slides contained pictures of a stop sign. When presented with this inaccurate information, how did these subjects typically respond?
Definition
many subjects' overall accuracy dropped when confronted with conflicting information
Term
aaron has no memory of how he got home from a party. He then convinces himself that he must have been abducted by aliens while walking home. Subsequently, he is hypnotized in an attempt to help increase his memories of that evening. Based on the research of memory recall through hypnosis, what might we learn?
Definition
aaron may unknowingly create false memories of what happened that night to justify his belief
Term
a key component for any person to believe that a false event is in fact true is to make sure that the false information is
Definition
as plausible as possible
Term
raven has just finished learning a list of nonsense words given to her by her psychology instructor as part of a class activity. She had 100 percent recall at the end of the class. According to Ebbinghaus's curve of forgetting, how quickly will Raven likely forget about 40 percent of the information she has just learned?
Definition
within the first 20 minutes after leaving the class
Term
collin is asked to repeat what his mother just told him. He says he "forgot" but in reality Collin wasn't paying attention to his mother at all. This is an example of the __________ explanation of forgetting
Definition
encoding failure
Term
Shantel spent a year living abroud in Spain. During that time, her ability to read and speak Spanish grew tremendously. However, now, two years later, Shantel feels she can no longer travel there because she can barely remember a thing. Her problem is most likely due to
Definition
decay theory
Term
Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) suffered from profound anterograde amnesia after his _________ were surgically removed in an attempt to control his seizures
Definition
hippocampi
Term
which neurotransmitter is no longer readily produced in Alzheimer's patients?
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
what are the three processes of memory?
Definition
encoding, storage, and retrieval
Term
what is false memory syndrome?
Definition
the creation of false or inaccurate memories through suggestion, especially when hypnotized
Term
where are procedural memories stored?
Definition
cerebellum
Term
where are short-term memories stored?
Definition
prefrontal and temporal lobes of the cortex
Term
where are semantic and episodic memories stored?
Definition
frontal and temporal lobes
Term
what is the hippocampus responsible for?
Definition
the storage of long-term declarative memories
Term
electroconvulsive therapy can disrupt:
Definition
consolidation and cause retrograde amnesia
Term
what can one with anterograde amnesia remember?
Definition
memories prior to the accident, but cannot recall things after
Term
what is the primary memory difficulty in Alzheimer's disease?
Definition
anterograde amnesia
Term
what causes alzheimer's
Definition
several unidentified things
Term
the steps to memory can best be described as follows:
Definition
putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out
Term
according to sperling, what is the capacity of iconic memory?
Definition
everything that can be seen at one time
Term
which type of memory best explains the "what?" phenomenon?
Definition
echoic sensory memory
Term
for information to travel from sensory memory to short-term memory, it must first be __________ and then encoded primarily into _________ form
Definition
selectively attended to; auditory
Term
you are introduced to someone at a party. While talking with the person, you realize that you have already forgotten the person's name. what amount of time does it typically take before such information is lost from short-term memory?
Definition
typically between 12 and 30 seconds
Term
early studies of the capacity of short-term memory suggested that most people could remember approximately __________ bits of information
Definition
seven
Term
Mary has just met an attractive man named Austin at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name. What should she do?
Definition
Mary should make it more meaningful. For example, she might remind herself that Austin has the same name as the capital of Texas
Term
_______ memory includes what people can do or demonstrate, whereas _________ memory is about what people know and can report
Definition
nondeclarative; declarative
Term
the semantic network model of memory suggests that the _________ nodes you must pass through to access information, the longer it will take for you to recall information
Definition
more
Term
phineas walks out of his office and into the conference room. however, after he leaves his office, he forgets what he was coming into the conference room for. According to the encoding specifically hypothesis, what should Phineas do to regain his lost memory?
Definition
Phineas should return to his office to help remember what he had forgotten
Term
what is an example of a test using recognition?
Definition
true/false
Term
when creating a presentation, many public speaking instructors will tell you to develop a strong opening or attention getter to your presentation as well as good summary and finish. What aspect of memory best explains these suggestions?
Definition
serial position phenomenon
Term
your mother tells you to dress for success at you interview because it's all about "first impressions." In other words, she is telling you that people often remember what they see first. This belief is in line with what element of memory?
Definition
the primacy effect
Term
research by Elizabeth Loftus shows that eyewitness recognition is very prone to what psychologists call
Definition
a false positive
Term
the tendency of certain elements to enter long-term memory with little or no effort to encode and organize them is what defines
Definition
automatic encoding
Term
the ability to remember where you were and what you were doing when the united states was attacked on 9-11, is an example of
Definition
flashbulb memory
Term
in Herman Ebbinghaus's classic study on memory and the forgetting curve, how long after learning the lists does most forgetting happen?
Definition
one hour
Term
you are surprised by the fact that you cannot remember if Abraham Lincoln's head faces the left or the right on the penny. This is all the more surprising given the fact that you work with money at your job on nearly a daily basis. What would best explain such an inability to recall this information?
Definition
encoding failure
Term
Harry Gustav Molaison, infamously known as H.M., was unable to form new declarative memories. He suffered from what psychologists call
Definition
anterograde amnesia
Term
your english instructor has given you an assignment to write down you most favorite memory from when you were 12 months old. What might you tell him?
Definition
students will probably not be able to recall events from such an early stage
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