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Exam 2: Text Notes
Chapter 15
55
Management
Undergraduate 3
10/30/2010

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Term
motivation
Definition
the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior
Term
intrinsic reward
Definition
the satisfaction received in the process of performing an action
Term
extrinsic reward
Definition
a reward given by another person
Term
content theories
Definition
a group of theories that emphasize the needs that motivate people
Term
process theories
Definition
concern the thought process that influence behavior
Term
reinforcement theories
Definition
focus on employee learning of desired work behaviors
Term
hierarchy of needs theory
Definition
a content theory that proposes that people are motivated by five categories of needs--> physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization
Term
Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory
Definition
a modification of Maslow's hierarchy that proposes three categories of needs: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth

**can move up and down through these needs unlike Maslow's
Term
existence needs
Definition
the needs for physical well-being
Term
relatedness needs
Definition
the needs for satisfactory relationships with others
Term
growth needs
Definition
the needs that focus on the development of human potential and the desire for personal growth and increased competence
Term
frustration-regression principle
Definition
the idea that failure to meet a high-order need may cause regression to an already satisfied lower need
Term
Fredrick Herzberg
Definition
two-factor theory
Term
two factor theory
Definition
Fredrick Herzberg; two dimensions contribute to behavior at work: hygiene factors and motivaors
Term
hygiene factors
Definition
factors that involve the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, including working conditions, pay, company policies, and interpersonal relationsips
Term
motivators
Definition
factors that influence job satisfaction based on fulfillment of high-level needs such as achievement, recognition, responsibility and opp for growth
Term
David McClelland
Definition
acquired needs theory
Term
acquired needs theory
Definition
David McClelland-- proposes that certain types of needs are acquired during an individuals lifetime
Term
acquired needs (3)
Definition
1) need for achievement
2) need for affiliation
3) need for power
Term
process theories
Definition
a group of theories that explain how employees select behaviors with which to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful
Term
goal setting theory
Definition
Edwin Locke, Gary Latham-- a motivation theory in which specific, challenging goals increase motivation and performance when the goals are accepted by subordinates and they get feedback
Term
Edwin Locke, Gary Latham
Definition
goal setting theory
Term
J. Stacy Adams
Definition
equity theory
Term
equity theory
Definition
J. Stacy Adams-- a process theory that focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others
Term
equity
Definition
a situation that exists when the ratio of one person's outcomes to inputs equals that of another's
Term
methods of reducing inequity
Definition
- change work effort
- change outcomes
- change perceptions
- leave the job
Term
expectancy theory
Definition
a process theory that proposes that motivation depends on individuals' expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards
Term
E --> P expectancy
Definition
expectancy that putting effort into a given task will lead to high performance
Term
expectancy theory is based on the relationship among...
Definition
the individual's effort, the individual's performance, and the desirability of outcomes associated with high performance
Term
P --> O expectancy
Definition
expectancy that successful performance of a task will lead to the desired outcome
Term
Victor Vroom
Definition
expectancy theory
Term
valence
Definition
the value or attraction an individual has for an outcome
Term
reinforcement theory
Definition
a motivation theory based on the relationship between a given behavior and its consequences
Term
behavior modification
Definition
the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior
Term
law of effect
Definition
the assumption that positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated, and negatively reinforced behavior tends to be inhibited
Term
reinforcement
Definition
anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior
Term
avoidance learning
Definition
aka negative reinforcement-- the removal of unpleasant consequence when an undesirable behavior is corrected
Term
punishment
Definition
the imposition of an unpleasant outcome following undesirable behavior
Term
extinction
Definition
the withdrawal from a positive reward-- withholding pay raises, etc.
Term
job
Definition
a unit of work that a single employee is responsible for performing
Term
job design
Definition
the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction
Term
job simplification
Definition
a job design whose purpose is to improve task efficiency by reducing the number of tasks a single person must do
Term
job rotation
Definition
a job design that systematically moves employees from one job to another to provide them with variety and stimulation
Term
job enlargement
Definition
a job design that combine a series of tasks into one new, broader job to give employees variety and challenge
Term
job enrichment
Definition
a job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work
Term
Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham
Definition
the job characteristics model
Term
work redesign
Definition
the altering of jobs to increase both the quality of employees' work experience and their productivity
Term
job characteristics model
Definition
a model of job design that compromises core job dimensions, critical psychological states, and employee growth-need strength
Term
5 core job dimensions
Definition
1) skill variety
2) task identity
3) task significance
4) autonomy
5) feedback
Term
3 critical psychological states
Definition
1) experienced meaningfulness of work
2) experienced responsibility
3) knowledge of actual results
Term
employee growth need strength
Definition
people have different needs for growth and development
Term
empowerment
Definition
the delegation of power and authority to subordinates
Term
4 elements of empowerment
Definition
1) information of comp performance
2) knowledge to contribute
3) power to make decisions
4) rewards based on performance
Term
engagement
Definition
a situation in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization
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