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Exam 2
Multisystemic Diseases of Dogs
112
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
02/29/2016

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Term
Canine parvovirus-2 was apparently nonexistent before ____.
Definition
-1977
Term
What is the most severe canine enteric desiease?
Definition
-Canine parvovirus 2
Term
CPV-2 belongs to the virus family ______ and the genus ______.
Definition
-Parvoviridae
-parvovirus
Term
How many strains of CPV-2 are there? From what did they evolve?
Definition
-from the original CPV-2
Term
How is CPV-2 transmitted? How long do sick dogs excrete the virus?
Definition
-oral-fecal route
-10 days
Term
Suclinical CPV-2 infections occur in > ___% of infected dogs usually.
Definition
-75%
Term
In adults, cases of CPV-2 have <___% fatality.
Definition
<1%
Term
Which breeds of dogs are most susceptible to CPV-2?
Definition
-Rotties, Dobermans, German shepherds, Goldens, Alaskan Sled dogs
Term
Which breed of dogs is resistant to CPV-2?
Definition
-Beagles
Term
What is the incubation period of CPV-2?
Definition
-about a week
Term
Is CPV-2 labile or resistant in the environment?
Definition
-very resistant
Term
CPV-2 is a parvovirus that is antigenically (different/similar) from/to CPV-1, the other canine parvovirus. What/what other virus is it antigenically related to?
Definition
-different
-more antigenically related to FPV
Term
What 2 syndromes are linked to CPV-2 infection?
Definition
-enteritis
-myocarditis
Term
Describe the enteritis form of CPV-2.
Definition
-vomiting with sudden acute onset of diarrhea wit grey foul smelling feces/ watery and frankly hemorrhagic
-also fever, anorexia, and dehydration
Term
Describe the mortality of the enteritis form of CPV-2.
Definition
-mostly in <12w
-either die or recover quickly
Term
Describe the myocarditis form of CPV-s.
Definition
-not very common nowadays
-sudden death of young puppies and heart failure in older dogs
Term
What is the primary site of replication of CPV-2?
Definition
-oropharynx and associated lymphoid tissues
Term
After primary replication of CPV-2 then what? Which cels does it infect?
Definition
-viremia to target cells
-infects fast growing cells: intestinal epithelium, lymphocytes (bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes) and actively dividing myocytes
Term
What affect does CPV-2 infection have on the intestines?
Definition
-infects and causes necrosis of the crypt cells
-necrosis of the lymphocytes in Peyer's patches
Term
How does CPV-2 cause myocarditis in puppies?
Definition
-replicates in the rapidly dividing myocytes during the first 2 weeks of life, causing damage
Term
What is the primary clinical pathology signs of CPV-2 infection?
Definition
-massive leukopenia
Term
Describe the pathological lesions found at necropsy due to CPV-2.
Definition
-dehydration, hemorrhagic enteritis with hose-like SI, mucosal petechial hemorrhages, crater-like Peyer's Patches
-ballooned crypts, shortened villi
Term
Which two tests are used for the visualization of CPV-2 Ag on intestinal epi?
Definition
-FA test
-IHM
(using viral specific MAb)
Term
What is the most important diagnostic test for diagnosing CPV-2 in dogs?
Definition
-CITE test
Term
What happens to a dog that recovers from CPV-2? Confirmation?
Definition
-it will develop lifelong immunity to infection
-serology on paired samples from recovered animals will confirm
Term
How do we treat CPV-2 infection?
Definition
-replace fluids control acidosis and vomiting, broad spectrum antibiotics
Term
How do maternal antibodies complicate medical control of puppy CPV-2?
Definition
-puppies with high levels of maternal antibodies (HI titer > 80) are resistant to infection and cannot respond to vaccination
Term
Puppies (with/without) maternal antibody, or with antibody titer <___, are susceptible to both infection of virulent CPV-2 and vaccination with MLV vaccine.
Definition
-without
-<5
Term
What happens to puppies with maternal Ab HI titers between 5 and 80 to CPV-2?
Definition
-can become infected with virulent CPV-2 but cannot be immunized with the MLV vaccine
Term
What is the "window period"? What is it for CPV-2 specifically?
Definition
-the period during which patient can become infected but cannot be immunized
-HI titer 40-5
Term
What is CPV-1? Clinical presentation?
Definition
-avirulent virus of dogs (minute virus of canine) antigenically distinct from CPV-2
-associated with an asymptomatic dz which results in seroconversion
-in pups with mild diarrhea, fgrow poorly and fade away (fading pups)
-some cases of abortions
Term
What is the real name of Hard Pad Disease?
Definition
-canine distemper
Term
In which populations of dogs is Canine Distemper important?
Definition
-pups acquired from pet shops and animal shelters
Term
How do lions with CD present?
Definition
-seizures
Term
CD belongs to the virus family ______ and to the genus ______.
Definition
-Paramyxoviridae
-morbillivirus
Term
Describe the size, shape, and ghenome of CD.
Definition
-large enveloped virus with a ssRNA and a helical nucleocapsid
Term
What are the two important envelope proteins on CD?
Definition
-Fusion protein (F)
-Hemagglutination protein (H)
Term
What two viruses is CD antigenically related to?
Definition
-Measles and Rinderpest
Term
How many serotypes are there of CD? How many strains are there?
Definition
-one
-several
Term
Obviously Canine Distemper infects canines. What other animals does it infect?
Definition
-RACCOONS, SEALS, mink, skunks, cats, lions, cheetah, and ferrets
Term
Is CD mildly or very contagious disease? How is it primarily transmitted? How else can it be tranmitted?
Definition
-very contagious
-transmitted primarily by respiratory droplet
-also via contact with mucous membranes or with urine and feces
Term
Is CD labile or resistant in the environment?
Definition
-easily inactivated and does not survive long in environment
Term
What happens to dogs that recover from CD?
Definition
-recovred dogs are not carriers of the virus
Term
Why are wild animals important to CD? Which ones are especially important?
Definition
-keep the virus circulating
-raccoons
Term
What is the incubation period of CD?
Definition
-4-6 days
Term
___% of CD infections in dogs are subclinical.
Definition
-50%
Term
What do you see with mild CD infections?
Definition
-nasal discharge, fever, cough
Term
What do you see in more severe CD infections?
Definition
-respirtaory signs predominate, lung infections, moist productive cough, death, gastro-intestinal form, hemorrhagic diarrhea, CNS signs (seizures, ataxia, myoclonus, and chorea), ascending paralysis, hyperkeratosis of foot pads
Term
What are the two possible outcomes from a dog with the CNS signs of CD?
Definition
-either die during a seizure or recover with permanent residual CNS signs
Term
Which presentation of CD suggests the dog is more likely to develop CNS signs?
Definition
-hyperkeratosis of the foot pads
Term
What does a CD-infected raccoon look like?
Definition
-mucopurulent discharge from eyes and nose, cough, trouble breathing, fever, vomit, diarrhea, dehydration, weakness, weight loss, mobe slowly, neuro signs, seizures, mentally unstable, footpads become thick and hard
Term
?How do young puppies with CD present?
Definition
-teeth deformities (enamel hypoplasia) and cardiomyopathy
-Hypertrophic osteodystrophy
Term
What is Old Dog Encephalitis? Clinical signs?
Definition
-Chronic Progressive Distempter Encephalitis
-ataxia, head pressing, pacing (continual movement), uncoordinated high stepping out
Term
How do dogs with Chronic Progressive Distemper Encephalitis test?
Definition
-no CDV in brain but positive for CD on FA of CNS tissues
Term
Where does CD primarily replicate? Then what?
Definition
-tissue macrophages in oropharynx
-carried by macrophages to macrophages everywhere else => viremia => infects in many different organs
Term
Definition: Pantropic virus
Definition
-virus that infects cells in many different organs
Term
Do skin and CNS infections occur early or late in the CD infection?
Definition
-late
Term
What happens to dogs that develop the following three responses to CD in the appropriate time frames:
a) neutralizing Ab by 9 days with high titers by 14 days
b) no immune response by 9 days
c) immune response is intermediate
Definition
a) clear the infection and recover
b) animal dies in a few days
c) cleared from lymphoid tissues but persists in neurons an depithelia (may cause CNS signs and hyperkeratosis_
Term
What history is suggestive of CD?
Definition
-unvaccinated young dog 3-6m
-respiratory disease, mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharges
-history of seizures is very suggestive of CDV
Term
Describe the clinical pathology of CD.
Definition
-leukpenia with absolute lymphopenia
Term
What is special that you see histologically with CD?
Definition
-inclusions in leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes
Term
What exam do we do beyond serology and PE in CD-suspect cases? What are the results if it is indeed CD?
Definition
-CSF tap
-increased intracranial pressure, inc protein and lymphocytes
Term
Describe the incluisons characteristic of CD?
Definition
-intranuclear and intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions in the astrocytes, respiratory, alimentary, and bladder epithelial cells
Term
How does CD affect the CNS?
Definition
-demyelination and lyymphocytic inflammation within the cerebrum, cerebelum, and brain stem
-non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis
Term
What test do we do on CSF fluid for CD?
Definition
-RT-PCR
Term
What are the 2 most important tests for diagnosing CD? What is the time limit?
Definition
-FA and IHC
-Ag will disappear as the NA titiers increase (>8 days PI)
Term
How do you treat CD?
Definition
-anticonvulsants and antibiotics
Term
What kind of vaccine do we have for CD? Any complications?
Definition
-MLV and Recombinant canarypox vaccine
-post-vaccine complicaitons with MLV: encephalitis in very young pups and exotic canines
Term
What composes the recombinant canarypox vaccine for CD?
Definition
-F and H protein
Term
True or False: 1 dose of MLV vaccine will provide protection in the colostrum-deprived pops of any age and in dogs older than 16 weeks.
Definition
-TRUE
Term
What are some other names for Canine Adenovirus-1?/ Infectious Canine Hepatitis?
Definition
-Rubarth's disease
-Fox encephalitis
Term
CAV-1 belongs to which virus family? Describe the virus.
Definition
-Adenoviridae
-non-enveloped, ds DNA, icosahedral symmetry, with 12 fibers and kobs
Term
Is CAV-1 labile or resistant in the environment?
Definition
-resistant
Term
CAV-1 and CAV-2 are antigenically related. What kind of disease does CAV-2?
Definition
-respiratory disease (infectious tracheobronchitis)
Term
What classical disease presentation does CAV-1 have?
Definition
-hpatitis with basophilic intranucler inclusions in hepatocytes
Term
With vaccination, ICH is now relatively rare in domestic dogs. So what kinds of dogs get it? What kind of infection is it?
Definition
-younger dogs
-most infections are sub-clinical and do not result in disease
Term
How is CAV-1 excreted?
Definition
-in urine
Term
How is CAV-1 transmitted?
Definition
-direct contact with mucosal surfaces, urine, or fomites
Term
What is CAV-1's incubation period?
Definition
-about a week
Term
What are the 5 forms of CAV-1?
Definition
1) Inapparent form
2) Mild respiratory form
3) Acute (hepatitis) form
4) Ocular form
5) Encephalitic form
Term
Describe the inapparent form of CAV-1.
Definition
-mild sub-clinical disease
-most infections are inapparent and go unnoticed and undiagnosed
Term
Describe the mild repsiratory form of CAV-1.
Definition
-pharyngitis, laryngitis, and tonsillitis
Term
Describe the acute (hepatitis) form of CAV-1.
Definition
-rarely observed
-fever, vomiting, thirst, diarrhea, pale mucus membranes with mucosal petechial hemorrhages, ictuers
-either found dead or dies in 3-4 hours
Term
Describe the ocular form of CAV-1.
Definition
-blue eye
-transient corneal opacity caused by edema of cornea as a consequence of uveitis
-disappears after 3w with no permanent damage to the eye
Term
Describe the encephalitic form of CAV-1. In which animals is it common?
Definition
-seizures, ainless wandering
-rare in dogs but very common and important i foxes
Term
Where does CAV-1 first multiply? Then what?
Definition
-forst multiplies in the oropharynx (tonsils) invades the lymphatics
-then infects vascular endothelial cells, causing necrosis of endothelial cells of blood vessels and hepatocytes
Term
What are the results of vascular endothelial cell injury in the case of CAV-1?
Definition
-leads to consumptive coagulopathy, DIC, and generalized bleeding tendecies, characterized by petechial and ecchymotic hemorrahges
Term
What results in blue eye?
Definition
-when antibodies to CAV-1 appear, immune complexes are formed and are deposited in the eye
Term
Describe the clinical pathological presentation of CAV-1.
Definition
-thrombocytopenia!!! neutropenia, lymphopenia, and elevated liver enzymes
Term
What is the key necropsy sign for CAV-1?
Definition
-markedly swollen sometimes hemorrhagic gallbladder wall
Term
Histopathologically describe CAV-1.
Definition
-basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in infected necrotic endothelial cells and in hepatocytes
Term
What are the two most important tests for diagnosis of CAV-1?
Definition
-FA and IHC
Term
What happens to dogs that survive CAV-1 infection?
Definition
-strong lifetime immunity
Term
What vaccine do we use to protect against CAV-1? Why?
Definition
-MLV for CAV-2
-CAV-2 MLV is not associated with blue eye
Term
Which dogs are affected by canine herpesvirus -1 ?
Definition
-young puppies <2w
Term
CHV-1 is what kind of virus?/ How many serotypes?
Definition
-alph-herpesvirus
-one
Term
Describe the distribution of CHV-1.
Definition
-worldwide with 50% of adults latnely infected in the sacral ganglia
Term
How is CHV-1 is transmitted?
Definition
-venereally
Term
When do CHV-1 lesions show up on adults? What do they lok like?
Definition
-during times of stress, especially oestrus
-small vesicles/ulcers with erythema on vulva, vagina, and penis
Term
In pups less than 2 weeks old, CHV-1 causes what?
Definition
-acute highly lethal genralized infection
Term
How does CHV-1 spread?
Definition
-spreads hematogenously resulting in adisseminated fatal infection
Term
What is CHV-s's incubation period? What makes it special?
Definition
-between 3-7 days
-NOT a febrile disease
Term
What happens to CHV-1-infected puppies?
Definition
-cry, whine, develop soft greenish stool, have labored breathing, abdominal pain, and die within 24-48 hours
Term
Describe the pathogenesis of CHV-1.
Definition
-replicates on the genital mucosal surface and is tranmitted venerally between bitches by the males
-at the time of whelping, CHV-2 replicates on the vaginal mucosa and is secreted in the vaginal fluid thus newborn pups are infected
Term
What happens if the bitch is seropositive for CHV-2 at the time of whelping?
Definition
-she will pass the anti-CHV-1 Ab to the pups via colosturm and they will be protected against disease, not infection
Term
What happens if the bitch is seronegative for CHV-1 at ht eitme of whelping?
Definition
-the pups will have no protection and some that are infected will develop the fatal disseminated form of CHV-1 disease within the first 2 weeks of birth
Term
When is the fatal disseminated form of CHV-1 observed?
Definition
-only when the bitch is whelpin gfor the first time
Term
What kind of bitches usually cause fatal disseminated form of CHV-1?
Definition
-bad bitches
Term
What are the characteristic lesions of CHV-1 found at necropsy?
Definition
-focal necrosis and hemorrhage in virtually all organs, particularly kidneys and liver (kidneys appear mottled)
Term
True or False: If a pup is infected with CHV-1 at birth is is protected from disease by maternal Ab, it is possbile for the virus to latently infect the nerve cells of the pup without the pup actually mounting an immune response. If true, what happens when this pup becomes an adult?
Definition
-TRUE
-can recrudesce the virus and not have the necessary Ab to protect the infected pups
Term
Why are bad bitches more likely to lose pups to CHV-1?
Definition
-because increasing body temp increases survival and bad bitches leave their pups cold
Term
Is there a vaccine against CHV-1?
Definition
-no
-but we can use hyperimmune serum on the survivig pups in the litter
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