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Exam 2
special populations, nutrition, performance, BMI, isokinetic
28
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
04/14/2015

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Term
Diabetes
Definition
Hyperglycemia due to
Defect in insulin secretion (type 1)
Defect in insulin action (type 2)
Term
Normal range
Definition
70-100 mg/dL
Term
Warning signs of diabetes
Definition
Frequent urination/thirst
Extreme hunger
Rapid weight loss, weakness fatigue
Irritability, nausea, vomiting
Term
Type 1 Diabetes
Definition
Lack of insulin, depends on exogenous insulin
Early in life
Associated with viral infections
5-10% of diabetics
Term
Type 2 Diabetes
Definition
Resistance to insulin
Later in life or overweight kids
Associated with upper-body obesity
90-95% of diabetics
Term
Exercise and diabetes
Definition
Must first regulate blood glucose levels
Adequate insulin is required for muscles to uptake glucose
Ketosis may occur due to excessive fat metabolism if there is not enough insulin
Term
Exercise and Type 1 Diabetes
Definition
Insulin + diet improves blood glucose
Monitor blood glucose before and after ex
HYPOglycemia is a major concern (insulin shock) consume carbs to during and after ex to prevent
GRX test before exercise program
Don't exercise if fasting glucose >300 and ingest carbs if glucose is <100
Term
ExRx for type 1 diabetes
Definition
CRF: 3-7days/wk, 50-80%, 20-60 mins (75-150/wk), low impact
Resistance: 2-3 days/wk, 60-80%, 2-3 sets, 8-12 reps, avoid valsalva
Drink extra fluids and have carbs ready
Term
Exercise and type 2 diabetes
Definition
Primary treatment is exercise unlike type 1: helps treat obesity AND control blood glucose
Also diet
Adjust medication to prevent hypoglycemia during ex
Term
ExRx for type 2 diabetes
Definition
150 mins/week moderate intensity probably bc overweight
4-7 days/week
Resistance: 2-3 days/week, 2-3 sets, 8-12 exercises
Avoid valsalva
Term
Prevent/Delay type 2 diabetes
Definition
Identify at risk early on
Impaired fasting glucose 100-125
Impaired glucose tolerance
Prediabetes: having IFG or IGT
exercise! better than using drugs, lifestyle modifications
Term
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Definition
bypass one or more blocked coronary arteries using saphenous vein or internal mammary artery
Term
Angioplasty
Definition
Balloon tipped catheter used to open occluded arteries
May insert stent to keep artery open
Term
Hypertension
Definition
Systolic BP >140 or Diastolic BP >90
Term
Nutrient intake percentages
Definition
Carbohydrates: 45-65%
Fats: 20-35%
Proteins: 10-35%
Term
Fat soluble vitamins
Definition
ADEK
Stored
Excess intake can be toxic
Term
Energy content of nutrients
Definition
Fat: 9 kcals/gram
Protein: 4 kcals/gram
Carbs: 4 kcals/gram
Term
Healthy body fat range
Definition
Men: 8-22, 10-25, 10-23
Women: 20-35, 25-38, 25-35
Term
Waist to hip ratio
Definition
Term
BMI
Definition
weight/height underweight: >18.5 Normal: 18.5-24.9 Overweight: 25-29.9 Obesity: >30
Term
Factors that contribute to performance
Definition
  1. Diet
    1. Carbs
    2. Water
  2. CNS Function
    1. Arousal
    2. Motivation
  3. Strength/skill
    1. Practice
    2. Natural endowment, body type, muscle fiber
  4. Environment
    1. Altitude
    2. Heat
    3. Humidity
  5. Energy production
    1. Anaerobic
      1. PC
      2. Glycolysis
    2. Aerobic
      1. VO2max
      2. Cardiac output
      3. O2 delivery
      4. O2 extraction
      5. Mitochondria
Term
Fatigue
Definition

Inability to maintain power output or force during repeated muscle contractions

Central fatigue (CNS)

Peripheral fatigue (Neural factors, mechanical factors, energetics of contraction)

Term
Central fatigue
Definition

Reduction in motor units activated and firing frequency

Reduction in motor CNS arousal (motivation or diversion)

Overtraining (reduced performance, prolonged fatigue, unfavorable ration of serotonin to dopamine)

Term

Peripheral fatigue

Neural factors

Definition

Neuromuscular junction (not the site of fatigue)

Sarcolemma and T-Tubes (ability of muscle membrane to conduct action potential improved by training)

Term

Peripheral fatigue

Mechanical factors

Definition

Cross bridge cycling and tension development

High H+ concentration

Longer relaxation time due to slower cross bridge cycling a sign of fatigue

Term

Peripheral fatigue

Energetics of contraction

Definition

Imbalance of ATP (accumulation of Pi

ATP only falls to 70% of pre-ex level

Term
Factors that contribute to physical performance
Definition
Coordination and economy
Environment
Strength
Energy output (aerobic and anaerobic)
Psychological factors
Term
Best predictor of endurance performance
Definition
BEST: Peak running velocity: Highest speed that can be maintained for >5 seconds
Lactate threshold: Exercise intensity at which blood lactic acid begins to systematically increase
Critical power: Speed at which running speed/time curve reaches plateau
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