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EXAM 2
PSY 101
170
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/25/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
cognition
Definition
latin (to know) mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is processing info- organizing it, understanding it, and communicating it to others.
Term
mental images
Definition
representations that stand in for objects or events and have a picture like quality; one tool used in thought process.
Term
concepts
Definition
ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities.
Term
prototype
Definition
concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of the concept.
Term
schemas
Definition
mental generalizations about objects, places, events, and people.
Term
script
Definition
schema that involves a familiar sequence of activities.
Term
problem solving
Definition
type of thinking that people engage in everyday and in many different situations; occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways.
Term
Decision making
Definition
identifying, evaluating, and choosing among several alternatives.
Term
trial and error
Definition
refers to trying one solution after another until finding one that works.
Term
Algorithms
Definition
step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems. will always result in a correct solution; very specific.
Term
Heuristic
Definition
"rule of thumb", is a simple rule that is intended to apply to many situations; educated guess.
Term
representativeness heuristic
Definition
used for categorizing objects and simple assumes that any object or person that shares characteristics with the members of a certain category, is also a member of that category.
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
based on estimation of the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant info from memory or how easy it is to think of related examples.
Term
subgoals
Definition
better to break goals into these so that each subgoal can be achieved
Term
functional fixedness
Definition
problem-solving difficulty involves thinking about objects only in terms of their typical use.
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
tendency to search for evidence that fits ones beliefs while ignoring any evidence to the contrary.
Term
creativity
Definition
solving problems by combining ideas or behaviors in new ways.
Term
divergent thinking
Definition
person starts at point, come up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point; opposite of convergent thinking.
Term
intelligence
Definition
ability to learn from one's experience, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations of solving problems
Term
general intelligence
Definition
ability to reason and solve problems
Term
specific intelligence
Definition
task specific abilities in certain areas such as music, business or art
Term
analytical intelligence
Definition
ability to break problems down into component parts for problem solving.
Term
practical intelligence
Definition
"street smarts"; tactful, uses info to increase success.
Term
Binets mental ability
Definition
mental age vs. actual age
Term
Stanford-Binet and IQ
Definition
mental age divided by actual age time 100 equals IQ
Term
Reliability
Definition
consistent results
Term
validity
Definition
degree to which test actually measures what its suppose to.
Term
standardization
Definition
process of giving large group test; represents who test was designed for.
Term
intellectual ability
Definition
neurodevelopmental disease disorder: person exhibits deficit in mental activities, adaptive behavior is low, limitations begin during development.
Term
Adaptive Behavior
Definition
skills that allow people to live independently
Term
Giftedness
Definition
highly advanced or geniuses
Term
emotional intelligence
Definition
accurate awareness of and ability to manage ones own emotions to facilitate thinking and attain goals; ability to understand others.
Term
natural experiments
Definition
circumstances existing in nature that can be examined to understand some phenomenon; twin studies.
Term
Heritability
Definition
proposition of change in IQ within a population that is caused by hereditary factors.
Term
Stereotypes threat
Definition
being aware of negative stereotypes can result in an individual scoring poorly on intelligence tests.
Term
propositions
Definition
linking concepts together
Term
incubation effect
Definition
leaving, coming back, insight
Term
representative failure
Definition
view problems too narrow (thinking there are restrictions)
Term
mental set
Definition
continue to solve problems same way; stuck
Term
belief perseverance
Definition
beliefs become discredited, but you still believe them.
Term
conditional reasoning
Definition
IF a vowel on one side, THEN it will have an even number on the other side.
Term
anchoring
Definition
base judgments on stimulus to make other judgments
Term
framing
Definition
Gain vs. loss; 95% success, 5% failure
Term
nervous system
Definition
network of cells that carries info to and from all parts of the body
Term
neuroscience
Definition
branch of life sciences that deals with the structure and functioning of the brain and the neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue that form the nervous system.
Term
behavioral neuroscience
Definition
branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological process, behavior, and learning.
Term
neuron
Definition
basic cell that makes up the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system
Term
dendrites
Definition
part of neuron that receive messages from cells
Term
soma
Definition
cell body, contains nucleus and keeps cell alive and functioning
Term
axon
Definition
fiber attached to soma that carries messages out to other cells
Term
axon terminal
Definition
responsible for communicating with other nerve cells
Term
glial cells
Definition
cells that provide support for neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste, influence info processing during prenatal development, influence generation of new neurons.
Term
oligondendrocytes
Definition
generate myelin in central nervous system; brain
Term
schwann cells
Definition
generate myelin in peripheral nervous system; body
Term
nerves
Definition
bundle of axons coated in myelin that travel together through body
Term
myelin shreath
Definition
insulates/ protects neuron, speeds up neural messages traveling down axon
Term
diffusion
Definition
ions moving from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
Term
resting potential
Definition
not firing impulse;
inside-negative
outside-positive
Term
action potential
Definition
firing an impulse
inside-positive
outside-negative
Term
all-or-none
Definition
referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all
Term
synaptic vesicles
Definition
saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals
Term
neurotransmitter
Definition
chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that when released has an effect on the next cell
Term
synapse
Definition
microscopic fluid filed space between the axon terminal of one cell and the dendrites of another
Term
receptor sites
Definition
3D proteins on the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands which are shaped and only fit certain neurotransmitter
Term
excitatory synapses
Definition
synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to FIRE
Term
inhibitory synapses
Definition
synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to STOP FIRING
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
stimulates skeletal muscles to contract but heart muscles to slow down; hippocampus
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
mainly excitatory; involved in arousal and mood
Term
dopamine
Definition
excit and inhib; involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure
Term
serotonin
Definition
excit and inhib; involved in sleep mood anxiety appetite
Term
GABA
Definition
inhib; sleep, inhibits movement
Term
endorphins
Definition
inhib; pain relief
Term
antagonist
Definition
a chemical substance that blocks or reduces the effects of a neurotransmitter
Term
agonist
Definition
chemical substance that mimics or enhances the effects of a neurotransmitter
Term
reuptake
Definition
process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into synaptic vesicles
Term
enzymatic degradation
Definition
process by which the structure of a neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor
Term
automatic system
Definition
regulates glands, internal organs, blood vessels, blood pressure
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
maintains body functions under ordinary conditions
Term
sympathetic
Definition
prepares body to react and expend energy in times of stress
Term
Somatic system
Definition
carries sensory info and controls movement of skeletal muscles
Term
afferent neuron
Definition
sensory to spinal cord
Term
efferent
Definition
spinal cord to muscles/glands
Term
interneurons
Definition
afferent to motor neurons
Term
reflex arc
Definition
afferent to interneurons to efferent, resulting in reflex action
Term
EEG
Definition
a recording of the electrical activity of large groups of cortical neurons just below the skull, using scalp electrodes
Term
MEG
Definition
for dementia disorders/ autism; helmet like device
Term
PET
Definition
insertion of radioactive sugar, computer encodes color coded activity in brain
Term
fMRI
Definition
examination of brain oxygenation levels
Term
medulla
Definition
controls heartbeat, breathing and swallowing
Term
pons
Definition
relays messages between cerebellum and cortex
Term
reticular formation
Definition
system of nerves; control arousal and attention
Term
cerebellum
Definition
controls balance and maintains muscle coordination
Term
limbic system
Definition
brain structures located primarily under cortex; involved in learning, emotion, memory
Term
thalamus
Definition
center of brain; relays sensory info from lower brain to proper areas of cortex
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
below thalamus; motivational behavior= sleep, hunger, thirst, sex
Term
hippocampus
Definition
in each temporal lobe; formation of long term declarative memories
Term
amygdala
Definition
responsible for fear responses and memory of fear
Term
endocrine glands
Definition
glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into blood stream
Term
hormones
Definition
chemicals released into bloodstream by endocrine gland
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
located in brain, secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone secreting glands MASTER
Term
pineal gland
Definition
endocrine gland located near base of cerebrum, secretes melatonin
Term
thyroid gland
Definition
gland in neck; regulates metabolism
Term
pancreas
Definition
gland; controls level of sugar in blood
Term
gonads
Definition
sex glands; regulate sexual development
Term
ovaries
Definition
female sex gland
Term
testes
Definition
male sex gland
Term
adrenal glands
Definition
on top of each kidney; secretes over 30 hormones that deal with stress; source of sex hormones
Term
lesioning
Definition
insertion of a thin insulates electrode into brain through which an electrical current is sent
Term
invasive
Definition
inside brain
Term
noninvasive
Definition
outside brain
Term
CT
Definition
brain imaging method using computer controlled x rays
Term
MRI
Definition
placed inside machine that generates a magnetic field to align hydro atoms and brain tissue
Term
Cortex
Definition
outer covering of brain
Term
cerebral hemispheres
Definition
2 sections of cortex; right and left
Term
corpus callosum
Definition
thick band of neurons that connects right and left cerebral hemispheres
Term
sensation
Definition
process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain
Term
transduction
Definition
process of converting outside stimuli such as light, into neural activity
Term
difference threshold
Definition
Ernst Weber; to notice a difference there must be a 20% change
Term
absolute threshold
Definition
gustav Fechner; lowest level of stimuli a person can detect
Term
habituation
Definition
tendency of brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging info
Term
sensory adaptation
Definition
tendency of sensory receptor cells to stop attending to constant unchanging info
Term
pupil
Definition
iris opening that changes size depending on the amount of light in the environment
Term
Lens
Definition
changes shape to bring objects into focus. presbyopia (hardening with age)
Term
Retina
Definition
contains photoreceptors
Term
cornea
Definition
bends light waves so the image can be focused on the retina (LASIK and PRK)
Term
aqueous humor
Definition
clear liquid that nourishes eye
Term
vitreous humor
Definition
jelly liquid that gives shape to eye
Term
iris
Definition
controls size of pupil
Term
visual accommodation
Definition
changes in thickness of the lens as eye focuses on objects that are far away or close
Term
blind spot
Definition
area in retina where the axons of the 3 layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve, insensitive to light
Term
dark adaptation
Definition
eye recovering from light to dark exposure; night blindness
Term
light adaptation
Definition
eye recovering from dark to light exposure; deer in the headlights
Term
after image
Definition
images that occur after stimulus is removed
Term
opponent process theory
Definition
neurons are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color
Term
gustation
Definition
color blindness; sex linked inheritance
Term
five basic tastes
Definition
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, brothy (hans henning)
Term
olfactory sense
Definition
sensation of smell
Term
olfactory bulbs
Definition
2 bulbs projecting from brain located above the sinus cavity and below the frontal lobes. receives info from ORC
Term
olfactory receptor cells
Definition
contain cilia that send signals to brain
Term
somesthetic sense
Definition
body senses consisting of the skin senses, kinesthetic sense, vestibular sense
Term
skin sense
Definition
touch pressure temperature pain
Term
kinesthetic sense
Definition
awareness of body parts
Term
vestibular sense
Definition
awareness of balance/ position
Term
gate control theory
Definition
melzak, wall; pain signals must pass through gate in spinal cord from body to brain
Term
otolith organs
Definition
tiny sacs just above cochlea, contain jelly fluid that have crystals that sense movement
Term
semicircular canals
Definition
3 tubes containing fluid with hairlike receptors when rotated
Term
sensory conflict theory
Definition
explanation of motion sickness, info from eyes conflicts with vestibular senses resulting in nausea and dizziness
Term
perception
Definition
method by which sensations experienced at any movement are interpreted/organized
Term
figure ground
Definition
tendency to perceive objects, figures as background
Term
reversible figures
Definition
visual illusions in which figures and ground can be reversed
Term
proximity
Definition
how close to each other
Term
similarity
Definition
part of the same group
Term
closure
Definition
complete figures that are incomplete
Term
continuity
Definition
perceive things as simple as possible
Term
contiguity
Definition
perceive 2 things that happen close together in time as being related
Term
depth perception
Definition
see world in 3D
Term
monocular cues
Definition
received in one eye
Term
binocular cues
Definition
received in both eyes
Term
linear perspective
Definition
parallel lines converge
Term
relative size
Definition
small object is faraway
Term
overlap
Definition
objects in front are closer to viewer
Term
aerial perspective
Definition
farther away is more hazier
Term
texture gradient
Definition
smaller/finer as distance increases
Term
motion parallax
Definition
object close, moves quick
object far, moves slowly
Term
accommodation
Definition
changing thickness of lens in eye
Term
muller lyer illusion
Definition
length is distorted by inward and outward angle
Term
moon illusion
Definition
moon on horizon appears much larger than moon in sky
Term
top-down processing
Definition
use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into unified whole
Term
bottom-up processing
Definition
analysis of smaller features and building up to complete perception
Term
perceptual set
Definition
perceiving things certain ways because of past experience
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