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Exam 2
Chapter 7: The Leukocyte
74
Science
Graduate
03/25/2013

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Term
Increase in Leukocytes
Definition
Lymphocytosis (>4.8 x 103/uL)
Term
Decrease in Leukocytes
Definition
Decrease in Leukocytes
Term
Myeloblast nucleus
Definition
round/oval, delicate, lacy, with evenly stained chromatin and 1-5 nucleoli are visible,
Term
Myeloblast cytoplasm
Definition
small amount of blue agranular cytoplasm, distinct unstained area adjacent to the nucleus (Golgi) and positive for CD34
Term
Myeloblast
Definition
14-20 uM, high N:C ratio
Term
Promyleocyte
Definition
15-21 uM, high N: C ratio
Term
Promyleocyte nucleus
Definition
is large, chromatin is course, still open and lacy with several visible nucleoli
Term
Promyleocyte cytoplasm
Definition
basophilic, prominent, with reddish-purple primary granules (azurophilic) which contain peroxidase and antimicrobial compounds
Term
Myelocyte
Definition
12-18 uM
Term
Myelocyte nucleus
Definition
smaller because the nuclear chromatin is condensed, nucleoli are usually indistinct, nucleus is round/oval or slightly flattened on one side, there is a clear light area next to nucleus (Golgi), this is the last stage capable of mitosis
Term
Myelocyte cytoplasm
Definition
earlier myelocyte has more basophilic cytoplasm and the later myelocyte has more neutral to pink cytoplasm, there are specific/secondary granules and the synthesis of peroxidase + primary granules is halted, cell switches to peroxidase negative secondary granules which appear first in the Golgi,
Term
Metamyelocyte
Definition
10-18 uM
Term
Metamyelocyte nucleus
Definition
course and clumped chromatin, nucleoli is not visible, there is a nuclear indentation (kidney bean shape),
Term
Metamyelocyte cytoplasm
Definition
neutral pink and there is a predominance of secondary/secretory granules
Term
Band
Definition
Band
Term
Band nucleus
Definition
an indentation which goes through more than half of the diameter of the nucleus with an increase in condensation at either end
Term
Band cytoplasm
Definition
pinkish and all granules are present
Term
Segmented neutrophil or polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)
Definition
9-15 uM
Term
Segmented neutrophil or polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) nucleus
Definition
segmented with 2 or more lobes connected by a thin filament, 3-4 lobes, condensed chromatin
Term
Segmented neutrophil or polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) cytoplasm
Definition
pinkish/clear and contains many secondary granules, tertiary granules and secretory granules, positive for CD 11/18
Term
Granulocytic cell lineages nucleus
Definition
Nucleus maturation includes disappearing nucleoli, condensing chromatin and round nuclear mass indentation and segmentation
Term
Granulocytic cell lineages cytoplasm
Definition
goes from scanty, agranular and basophilic (Myeloblast) to gradually pink-to-neutral staining granular cytoplasm appearing
Term
Monocytic-macrophage cell lineage
Definition
monoblast, immature monocyte, mature monocyte and macrophage
Term
monoblast
Definition
12-20 uM, oval/round nucleus with indents and folds with a abundant agranular blue-gray cytoplasm
Term
immature monocyte
Definition
same size, the nuclear is courser and may have nucleoli and same abundant cytoplasm with azurophilic granules
Term
mature monocyte
Definition
largest cell in the peripheral blood smear, the nucleus has a bean shape with loose and linear chromatin, cytoplasm is evenly dispersed with vacuoles, positive for CD 14
Term
macrophage
Definition
is not seen in the PB, 15-80uM, round reticular nucleus with ragged edge cytoplasm, positive or CD68
Term
Lymphocytic cell lineage
Definition
lymphoblast, prolymphocyte and lymphocyte
Term
lymphoblast
Definition
10-18 uM, high N: C ration with lacy, fine and smudged nuclear chromatin cytoplasm is less basophilic than other blasts, positive for CD34
Term
prolymphocyte
Definition
smaller with a lower N: C ration, chromatin is clumped and nucleoli is present, cytoplasm is light blue
Term
lymphocyte
Definition
smaller, 7-10uM, nucleus is same size as RBC cytoplasm is a small rim of sky blue, usually hand-mirror shaped
Term
Leukocytes found in the peripheral blood smear
Definition
neutrophils (40-80%), segs compose most of those with bands being 5%, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
Term
Neutrophil morphology
Definition
nucleus is segmented with 2 or more lobes containing condensed chromatin, cytoplasm is pink/clear and contains granules, 9-15 uM
Term
Neutrophil distinguishing cell features
Definition
positive for CD 11/18
Term
Eosinophil morphology
Definition
12-15 uM, no more than 2-3 lobes in the nucleus, contains large, eosin-staining crystalloid granules
Term
Eosinophil distinguishing cell features
Definition
red/orange granules
Term
Basophil morphology
Definition
10-15 uM, segmented nucleus with dark granules
Term
Basophil distinguishing cell features
Definition
large purple-black granules, unevenly distributed
Term
Monocyte morphology
Definition
horseshoe/bean shaped nucleus, convolutions, cytoplasm is blue-gray with vacuoles
Term
Monocyte distinguishing cell features
Definition
largest cell in the PB, positive for CD 14
Term
Lymphocyte morphology
Definition
7-10uM, nucleus is 90% of cell, small rim of sky blue is the cytoplasm
Term
Lymphocyte distinguishing cell features
Definition
hand-mirror shaped, nucleus is same size as RBC
Term
Neutrophil Function
Definition
effective (move to foreign agent and destroy), adherence (cytokines activate interactions b/t neutrophils and endothelial cells), migration (chemotaxis), phagocytosis (ingest foreign particle, active process), bacterial killing/digestion (granules migrate and fuse to membrane)
Term
Eosinophil Function
Definition
cellular immunity, proinflammatory cells, liberates substances to neutralize mast cells, associated with inflammation
Term
Basophil Function
Definition
mediators of inflammatory response, receptors for IgE, interact with B lymphs to induce and maintain allergic reactions
Term
Monocyte Function
Definition
innate/adaptive immune response, ingest and kill microorganisms, inhibit growth of intracellular microorganisms, bind to microorganisms, attach to tumor cells and kill, scavenger, can be pathologic
Term
Lymphocyte Function
Definition
attack and eliminate foreign antigens, adaptive immunity, controlled by immune response genes
Term
Neutrophil migration
Definition
chemotaxis is guided by chemoattractant gradients and neutrophils move by direct amoeboid motion following increasing chemoattractant concentration of infected site
Term
Neutrophil Phagocytosis
Definition
recognize as foreign, ingest, fusion granules with phagosome, kill and digest, active process, phagocytes recognize PAMPs, pseudopods surround foreign particle and fuse to encompass particle within the phagosome
Term
Neutrophils reference ranges
Definition
1.8- 7.0 x 103/uL, 40-80% (segs = 95%, bands =5%)
Term
Eosinophils reference range
Definition
0.4 x 103/uL, 0-5%
Term
Basophils reference range
Definition
0.2 x 103/uL , 0-1%
Term
Monocytes reference range
Definition
0.1-0.8 x 103/uL, 2-10%
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
1.0-4.8 x 103/uL, 25-35%
Term
Absolute cell counts
Definition
Absolute Count = differential count (in fraction or decimal) x WBC count (x 103/uL)
Term
Absolute values
Definition
take into account the differential percentage of each cell type, reported as a value (X x 103/uL)
Term
Relative values
Definition
enumerates each WBC type within a total of 100 WBCs, reported as a percentage
Term
Conditions that change absolute numbers of individual leukocytes
Definition
pregnancy, time of day, activity level, infections, immune-regulated responses, quantitative and qualitative disorders
Term
Birth WBC reference range
Definition
50-60% of WBCs are neutrophils
Term
Pediatric WBC reference range
Definition
~30% of WBCs are neutrophils, at 4 years old gradual increase and then at age 6 reaches adult levels
Term
Immunoglobulin diversity
Definition
rearrangement of the gene loci coding for Ig heavy and light chain, random combination of heavy and light chains
Term
Kinetics of granulocytic cell lineage
Definition
common myeloid progenitor (cmp)  committed precursor cells (CFUs) > Myeloblast > promyelocyte > myelocyte > Metamyelocyte > band > seg
Term
Kinetics of monocytic-macrophage cell lineage
Definition
bipotential progenitor cell (CFU-GM) > monoblasts > promonocyte > monocyte > macrophage
Term
Kinetics of lymphocytic cell lineage
Definition
HSC  CLP and CMP  lymphoblasts prolymphocyte > lymphocyte > immunoblast > plasmacytoid lymphocyte or plasma cell/memory cell
Term
Neutrophil diapedesis
Definition
activation of endolethial cells and neutrophils by exposure to chemoattractants, when endothelial cells are activated they exoress adhesion molecules. . These transmembrane molecules send a signal across the membrane to the interior of the cell when they attach to their receptor. The neutrophil’s L-selectin and receptors for E,P-selectin cause the neutrophil to attach loosely to the EC and roll along the endothelium. Neutrophils in stage 2 are activated by the presence of chemoattractants in the local environment and express the These chemoattractants also activate the ECs. The neutrophils in stage 3 attach to the activated ECs via the attachment of their β2- integrins to ICAMs of the EC, resulting in a firmer attachment than in stage 1 and halting the rolling of the neutrophil. The neutrophil in stage 4 migrates through the endothelium and basement membrane (diapedesis) to the area of inflammation. They move in the direction of the chemoattractants (chemotaxis).
Term
Immunologic features/functions of neutrophils
Definition
phagocytosis of foreign pathogens, bacterial killing and digestion
Term
Immunologic features/functions of eosinophils
Definition
associated with allergic diseases, liberates substances that can neutralize mast cells, asthma
Term
Immunologic features/functions of basophils
Definition
mediators of inflammatory response, receptors for IgE, interact with B cells to maintain allergic reaction
Term
Immunologic features/functions of monocytes
Definition
active in innate and adaptive immune responses, ingest and kill microorganisms, nonspecific killing
Term
Immunologic features/functions of lymphocytes
Definition
attack and eliminate foreign antigens, adaptive immune, controlled by IR genes
Term
Lymphocyte membrane characteristics
Definition
T cells: CD4 and 8, B cells: CD 19 and 10
Term
Molecular changes used to differentiate subtypes
Definition
TCR for T cells, Fc Receptors and BCR for B cells,
Term
Polyclonal antibodies
Definition
alternation of Ig production
Term
Monoclonal antibodies
Definition
alteration of Ig production
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