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exam 2
kim
143
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/18/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
how does consciousness fit into psychology
Definition
2 components of consciousness: contents and level.  they differentiate between doing things consciously and unconsciously.  monists and dualists, structuralists (wundt), fucntionalists (james), subconscious (freud)
Term
consciousness
Definition
moment to moment awareness of external and internal worlds; the subjective experience of the world and mental activity; reflectiong on one's current thoughts or surroundings
Term
qualia
Definition
percepts of the worlds. hard to study because consciousness is subjective and cant see internal info
Term
coma
Definition
state where a person has sleep/wake cycles; they open their eyes and seem awake, and close their eyes and seem asleep, but dont respond to their surroundings
Term
what part of the brain is cut for split- brain patients
Definition
corpus collosum which is massive bundle fibers
Term
sperry paradigm
Definition
see both sides but will grab what saw on the left it goes to the right hemisphere which controls the left hand side of your body and you will grab it with your left hand.  With the right hand side it goes to the left hemisphere (controls language) they will see it and tell you they saw it.
Term
how is the left hand side of the brain the interpreter
Definition
itll try to explain why the left hand grabbed the object that they "saw" on the the left hand side of the page. the left had side will articulate language to explain why they did that
Term
lessons that split brain patients taught us about the brain and conscioiusness
Definition

1. division of labor (localistion of functioning)

2. nonconscious processing

3. mind fills in gaps

Term
inattention blindness
Definition
ignore what is going on because it is off task
Term
encoding
Definition
typing in the information and getting to learn it
Term
storage
Definition
"flashdrive" where memories are stored
Term
modal memory model
Definition
three-stage memoery system that involves sensory memory, STM and LTM
Term
sensory memory
Definition
unaltered, outside awareness
Term
sperling's study
Definition
the tone when people could remember all the words better when it rang
Term
working/ STM
Definition
an active processing system that keeps information available so that it can be used for activities such as as problem solving, reasoning, and comprehension.
Term
chunking
Definition
when you group words or what is asked to be memorized by grouping it into something that its meaningful
Term
phonological loop
Definition
encodes auditory info and is active whenever you read, speak, or reapeat words to yourself in order to remember them. (inner voice)
Term
visuospatial sketchpad
Definition
processes visual information such as an objects' features and where they are located
Term
episodic buffer
Definition
Episodic integrates and manipulates information from phonological loop to visuospatial and integrates info about self.
Term
central executive
Definition
directs overall action and controls focus and attention and integrates info in episodic buffer
Term
what effect does each type of reinforcement have on learning and extinction rates
Definition
continuous reinforcement is rapid learning which creates rapid extinction.  partial reinforcement is slower learning and slower extinction
Term
biological constraints to operant conditioning
Definition
when animals will not do something because it is innate to them; pigeons pecking keys, raccoons rubbing coins, pigeons flapping wings to escape shock
Term
variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
Definition
number of times between rewards is an average (slot machin is uncertain)
Term
fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
Definition
amount of time between rewards is fixed (every 20 minutes have irrespective of number of envelops.) when quizzes are scheduled at fixed intervals students study only when quiz is to be administered
Term
variable interval schedule of reinforcement
Definition
amount of time between rewards is based on an average (listen to radio and hear fav song but dont know when you will hear it)
Term
bargh chen and burrows study demonstrate about nonconscious effects of behaviors that most people would describe as purposeful
Definition
much of behavior occurs without our awareness or attention; asked participatns to form senetences from scrambled words and later affected their behavior.  form worlds with wrinkles, old and elderly they would walk slower
Term
2 stage learning theory
Definition

classical condition of motivating response (situation (cs) paired with (UCS-UCR) leads to fear (CR)

 

Operant condition of avoidance response

negative reinforcemnt increases behavior through removal of stimulus

Term
social learning theory
Definition
idea that we observe others to learn general modes of styles of bheavior (how did you learn to face forward in elevator)  bobo doll
Term
what body of evidence suggests about relationship between violence in the media and aggressive behaviors
Definition
body of science strongly indicates that there is a direct relationship
Term
other ways nonconscious processing can influence conscious behavior
Definition
affect mood, motivation ot perform well, competitveness, speed of walking, aggressivenes upon hearing bad news, perception of others, choosing gun or screwdriver
Term
when can consciously thinking undermine good dfecision making
Definition
verbal overshadowing- when people have to verbally explain their perceptual experiences that are not easy to describe.  for example when participants are compairing different jams they had results very close to expert critics when they did not have to explain themselves later.  But those that had to expalin themselves were not close to the expert critics
Term
what methods do researchers use for measuring sleep
Definition
eye movement, muscle tension, electrical activity in the brain (eeg) and cameras to observe movements
Term
sleep stages
Definition
stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, stage 4, REM
Term
waves in stage 1
Definition
theta
Term
waves in stage 2
Definition
beta
Term
waves in stage 3
Definition
delta begins to appear with beta
Term
waves in stage 4
Definition
delta
Term
REM waves
Definition
almost like beta waves where you are completely conscious.  sleep paralysis
Term
theories one why we sleep
Definition
evolutionary, restoration model, mental consolidation
Term
mental consolidation
Definition
neuronal connections that serve as the basis for new learning is strengthened during sleep
Term
how de we sleep? optic nerve, pineal gland, suprachiasmatic nuclesus
Definition
tiny structure in the brain called the pineal gland secretes melatonin, a hormone that travels through the bloodstream and affects various receptrs in the body and the brain.  the suprachiasmatic nucleus is attached to the optic nerve and the pineal gland, this gland doesnt produce or release melatonin when there's light
Term
major theories of dreams (freud)
Definition
expressed wishes that were disguiesed and blieved they manifest content is the dream the way the dreamer rememberes it, whereas the latent content is what the dream symbolizes or the material disguised to protect dreamer
Term
theory on dreams (Alan Hobson activation)
Definition
synthesis theory where random activation from the pons and the amygdala activate visual systems and memory systems and the mind attempts to interpret these random patterns
Term
hypnosis
Definition
social interaction during which a person, responding to suggestions, experiences changes in the memory, perception, and/or voluntary action
Term
are there individual differences in the extent to which you can be hypntoized? what would predict whether you can be hypnotized or not?
Definition
hyponosis works primarily for people who are highly suggestible, who have tendencies to get absorbed in activites easily and have rich imaginations.  If you dislike or find frieghting the idea of being hypnotized you will not be hypnotized easily.  A person must go along with the hypnotist's suggestions willingly to become hypnotized
Term
sociocognitive theory of hypnosis? is it largely supported by evidence or not?
Definition
hypnotized people behave as they expect hypnotized people the behave, even if those expectations are faulty
Term
can hypnosis be used to help patients deal with pain
Definition
yes theres evidence that indictates it effective in dealing with immediate pain and recovery from surgery
Term
concentrative meditation
Definition
focus on your mind on one thing such as breathing pattern and mental image or specific phrase
Term
mindfulness meditation
Definition
let thoughts flow freely, paying attention to them but trying not to react with them
Term
relationship between meditation and cognitive processes like attention
Definition
meditation brings structural changes in the brain that help maintain brain function ove the like span. shows significant improvements in attention and stress reductions and become better at ignoring distractions
Term
psychoactive ingredient in marijuana
Definition
THC which produces a relaxed mental state, uplifted or content mood and some perceptual and cognitive distortions
Term
how does marijuana affect consciousness
Definition
perceptions are more vivid and some say it especially effects taste, it produces a relaxed mental state and an uplifted mood
Term
what neurotransmitter do cocaine and crack cocaine affect
Definition
dopamine neurotransmitter
Term
what does cocaine to in long term
Definition
paranoia, psychotic behavior, and violence
Term
neurotransmitters do meth work on and how is it an agonists for this neurotransmitter
Definition
dopamine.  it blocks reuptake of dopamine and increase release of dopamine
Term
neurotransmitter does ecstasy work on? what are the long-term impairments associated wiht long term use
Definition
associated with less dopamine release and more serotonin release.  Long term: memory problems and diminished ability to perform complex tasts, depression when drug wears off
Term
opiates and neurotransmitter it works on
Definition
heroin, morphine, codeine.  it works on opiate receptors and dopamine receptors
Term
problems with alcohol abuse
Definition
car accidents, violence, unwanted sex and stds
Term
four factors that researchers have studied with respect to alcohol consuption
Definition
power, sex, risks, responsiblities
Term
sensation
Definition
sensory organs responses to external stimuli and the transmission of these responses to the brain (seeing the light turn green)
Term
perception
Definition
the processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory signals; it results in an internal representation of stimulus.  (brain interprets light turning green as a sign to continue driving)
Term
signal detection theory
Definition
states that detcting a stimulus requires making a judgment about its presence of absence, based on a subjective interpretation of ambiguous info
Term
what is hit, miss, false alarm, and correct rejection in signal detection theory?
Definition
if signal is presented and the observer detects it, the outcome is a hit.  If the participant fails to detect the signal the outcome is a miss, if the participant detects a signal that was not presented the outcome is a correct rejection. 
Term
response bias
Definition
referes to participants tendency to report detecting the signal in an ambiguous trail. ex: radiologys not accepting the signal on a cat scan as a brain tumor since treatment is expensive and life threatening
Term
sensory adaption
Definition
decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation. (people who live close to airport eventually become less aware of the noise planes make)
Term
six senses
Definition
vision, eharing, smelling (olfaction), tasting (gestation), touching, and propriception
Term
transduction
Definition
process by which sensory receptros produce neural impulses when they receive physcal or chemical stimulation.  sensory coding begins with tranduction
Term
blind spot
Definition
small point at the back of retine, there are no receptors at this spot because it is where the nerves leave the ey.  Is where the retina meets the optic nerve
Term
rods
Definition
receptor cell the results in black and white perception. located at the retina's edges none are in the fovea
Term
conss
Definition
result in color perception. near the retina's centere and are densely packed with a small region called the fovea
Term
trichromatic theory of how we distinguish different colors
Definition
3 cones: short (blue), medium (green), long (red).. the color of ight is determined by the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave that reachs the eye.  can imagine a red-yellow but not a red-green
Term
opponnet-process theory of how we distinguish colors
Definition
is not true. states that cones can fire both opposing colors but not at the same time; so it says it could fire red/green, yellow/blue, and black/white
Term
dual process theory of distinguishing colors and how it differs from opponent-process
Definition
states that cones are specialized: small, medium, large.. also certain types of gnaglion cells are excited and inhibited by different colores (ganglion is specialized)
Term
stimultaneous contrast
Definition
optical illusion which is identical stimuli appear different when presented against different backgrounds.  (when color grey looks diff on diffred colored cubes but acutally the same whe nthe backgrounds erased)
Term
funny to say you brain psych instead of you heart psych
Definition
perception occurs in brain and really do like psych it is because your brain has interpreted signals to send out info that you like psych
Term
gestalt principle of proximity
Definition
the closer 2 figures are to each other, the more likely we are to group them as as unit
Term
gestalt principle of similarity
Definition
more similar 2 figures are the more we are likely to group together
Term
gestalt principle of continuation
Definition
perceive lines as being continuous even if they are interrupted
Term
gestalt principle of closure
Definition
we complete figures that have gaps
Term
perceptual system is acting as a judge? how is the judge often influenced by "top-down" versus bottom-up
Definition
perceptual systesm use cues to make conclusions (like a judge) top down processing is when context affects percetion (we saw the Cat and the h and a were the same)
Term
monocular cues help us judge depth and distance (linear perspective)
Definition
parallel lines appear to converge (rail road tracks)
Term
monocular cues as judge (occlusion)
Definition
near object occuldes (blocks) an object that is far away
Term
monocular cues acting as judge (familiar size)
Definition
know how large familiar objects are so we can tell how far away they are by the size of their retinal images
Term
monocular cues as judge (texture gradient)
Definition
uniformly textured surface retinal image than close objects do
Term
monocular cues help us judge depth and distance ) position relative to horizon
Definition
all else being equal, objects below the horizon that appear higher in the visual field are perceived as being farther away. objects above the horizon that appear lower in the visual field are perceived as being farther away
Term
brain uses binocular cues to judge depth and distance
Definition
it is caused by distance between the humans eyes (65mm). because each eye has slightly different view of the world, the brain has access to two diffrent but overlapping retinal images.  The brain uses the disparity between these two retinal images to compute distances to nearby objects
Term
Mueller- Lyer illusion
Definition
participant writes down feelings projected by a pictures and psychologist has to decide the answer; subjective process; rigorous training and you get score based on what words participant uses
Term
construct validity
Definition
extent to which the psychological test measures what it is supposed to be measuring (does test that is testing for depression actually measure level of depression)
Term
content validity? why does good content validity contribute to good construct validity
Definition
does the test capture all the content of the construct
Term
face valdity? why does good face valdity contribute to good construct validity
Definition
does the test look like it measures the construct. does the test ask good questions that are applicable
Term
convergent validity
Definition
does construct converge with constructs it should converge with.  Ex: IQ and SAT scores
Term
discriminant validity
Definition
does construct diverge from constructs it should diverge with. IQ levels do not correlate with levels of extraversion becuas test should diverge with factors that are not being tested and therefore proves the test is testing what is actually being tested
Term
test makeres concerned about when they say they are concerned about the reliability of their tests
Definition
with consistency/repeatability they are also concerned wit hteh stavility of the measure (time/situations, items, rater, graders)
Term
test-retest reliability
Definition
give a test to a person more than once, they should get about the same score
Term
interenal consistency
Definition
within a test, people should respond in a consistent way to all the questions
Term
interrater reliability
Definition
if you have observers rating the same behavior, their scores should agree with each other
Term
relationship between validity and reliability
Definition
if test is vailid it is reliable.  If a test is reliable it doesnt mean its valid
Term
what are test makers concerned about when they run an item analysis
Definition
how well the questions contribute to validity of the test
Term
item difficult? how do you measure it for an for answer choices that dont have an objectively correct answer
Definition
how difficult it is to get the item right; you can measure item difficulty for answer choices that dont have an exact correct answer by measuring the proportion of people who select an answer that points in the direction of the construct
Term
classical condition
Definition
idea that some sitmuli evoke natural, relfexive responsies (scary movie makes heart beat faster)
Term
US, UR, CS, CR
Definition
unconditioned stimulous, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulous, conditioned response
Term
process of classical conditioning
Definition
typical Pavlovian experiment, a neutral stimulus unrelated to the reflex is paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a reflex.  This paring is repeated a number of times until the neutral stimulus by itself creates a relfexive response because it is associated with a natural stimulus
Term
extinction
Definition
a process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus (bell is run and no food is there, after a while, the dog will stop associating the ringing of a bell with food, and therefore will not salivate
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
when sounding the bell willonce again prodeuce the conditioned response of salivation after extincition has occurred; it is temporary process and will fade quickly unless the bell is not paired with the dog food; a single pairing of the bell and food will  reestablish the salivating
Term
generalization
Definition
when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli but not identical actually produce the conditioned response
Term
discrimination
Definition
similar stimuli can be distinguished from one another (only certain tone can train to respond)
Term
second-order conditioning
Definition
when conditioned stimuli is created becuase of conditioned stimuli (dentist's offic (conditioned stimulus makes you  think of the drill (cs)
Term
according behaviorists what is phobia? who do people acquire phobias? how can you cure a phobia based on principles of classical conditioning
Definition
an exaggerated response acquired through leraning; phobias develop through the generalization of a fear experience. (person stung by a bee develops a fear for all flying insects. to cure phobia repeatedly show cs with nothing or pleasant)
Term
baby albert
Definition
proved phobias can be explained by classical conditioning (when he reached for rat (cs) a loud clanging sound (us) scared him (ur) eventually pairing the rat with the clanging sound led to the rat producing fear on its own... this proved calssical conditioning can cause participants to fear neutral objects
Term
biological preparedness
Definition
idea that it is easier to condition a fear of naturally fear-inducing objects (monkies fear snakes)
Term
garcia effect
Definition
when people associate a certain food with ceoming ill... garcia showed that when animals receive amounts of poison in their food that meks them ill they quickly learn to avoid the tastes or smells associated with the food
Term
what does it mean that classical conditioning is a relatively passive form of learning, especially compared to operant conditioning
Definition
example when you see a girl on a poster that is a "hottie" you get an emotional response every time you drin kthe beer she was holding, you arent going to go buy the beer that very second; therefore it is a passive form of learning
Term
positive reinforcement?
Definition
increases the probability that a bheavior will be repeated, sometimes involves reward (mouse gets food after he pushes lever)
Term
positive punishment
Definition
decreases the behavior's probabilit through the administration of stimulus (rat gets shocked for pulling lever)
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
increases behavior through the removal of stimulus (when rat presses lever, and it turns off the shock)
Term
negative punishment
Definition
decreases the behavior's probablity through the removal of a pleasurable stimulus (rat presses lever and removes food)
Term
classical condtioning
Definition
looking for responses based on researcher pairing something natural with something unnatural to get a certain response
Term
operant condition
Definition
occurs when you learn from a relation between a bhavior and its consequence, more of a cause and effect idea. when behavior leads to good things, it will most likely occur again and when behavior leads to bading this it probably wont.  (cat pushes lever he gets food)
Term
fixed ration schedule of reinforcement
Definition
number of times between rewards (5 dollars for every 2 stuffed evnelops you are paid each time yo ucomplte a choir
Term
what does research suggest about the use of cues by people who grew up in a carpentered vers uncarpentered worlds
Definition
people who have grown up in uncarpented worlds and who have had little experience with 2D representation of the world will most likely perceive the two lines in the Mueller Lyer illusion as being the same lengths
Term
Ames room
Definition
plays with depth cues to create size illusions.  He made a diagonally cut room appear rectangular by using crooked windows and floor tiles
Term
what cues is the perception system using to create the illusion that children in the Ames room are of extraordinary heights
Definition
when one child stands in a near corner and another of similar height stands in a far corner, the room creates the illusion that they are equidistant from the viewer and the child closer looks like a giant compared to the other
Term
ponzo illusion
Definition
two horizontal lines appear to be different sizes but are the same length because of the two converging lines on both sides
Term
horizontal/vertical illusion
Definition
horizontal lines appear to be shorter than vertical lines
Term
VS ramachandran help patients who suffered from phantom limb pain
Definition
idea to use a mirror to trick the mind into thinking the limb was there and movin.  the patient would go through a sort of therapy to relieve the by by watching the other limb in the mirror.  and this limb looked like it was the other one actually moving
Term
goal of psychological testing
Definition
methods for mearusing psychological constructs
Term
what are intelligence tests
Definition
SAT IQ
Term
interest tests
Definition
what a participant is interested in
Term
achievement tests
Definition
what the participant has accomplished
Term
Porshek Tests? how are the projective? how have the creatores attempted to combat problems with subjectivity
Definition
ink blot... what do you see.. the person who is participating projects what they are felling, psychologists interpret what they say
Term
path taste goes through
Definition
receptor cells-> medulla-> thalamus-> coretex
Term
path smell goes on
Definition

nasal passage-> olfactory epithelium (straight to the brain through the thalamus.

Close to amygdala (emotion and memories) and prefrontal crotex

Term
path touch goes through
Definition
receptor cells-> thalamus-> somatosensory cortex
Term
path hearing goes through
Definition
ear canal-> eardrum-> osicles-> bones connected to choclea
Term
path sight travels through
Definition
retina-> optic nerve->occipital love
Term
gate-control theory of pain
Definition
stop pain signals by sending other, distracting signals
Term
loudness is calculated by
Definition
amplitude of the wave
Term
pitch is calculated by
Definition
temporal coding: hair cells fire at same rate of pitch. the fluid waves in your ear peaks earlierwhen its a high pitch.  when its a low bitch the fluid waves peak later
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