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Exam 2
Psyc100-X Exam 2 notecards
68
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/09/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Pattern Recognition
Definition
the way in which we conlcude that some constellation of stimulus features represents a single identifiable object
Term

Cognition

Definition

refers to thinking broadly, memory, decision making, perception, etc.

Term

Unconcious cognition

Definition
  • overwhelming majority of cognitive activity
  • fast, accurate, efficient and parallel in nature
Term
concious cognition
Definition
slow, plotting, and relatively ineffecient, primarily serial in nature
Term
domains of pattern recognition
Definition
  • most pattern recognition experiments are done in the domain of vision
  • other domains include hearing, smelling, touch, and taste

 

Term
The more easily, effortlessly, and accurately ppl do things...
Definition

the more difficult it is to study.

 

(to make easier to study: psychologists expose subject to stimuli for less time)

Term

tachistoscope

Definition
used to control how long the subject was exposed to a stimulus
Term
Template theories
Definition

each class of objects has an image or template that corresponds to it

  1. point-by-point match
  2. pick the highest matching score
  3. consider no other info
Term

Problems w/ template theories

Definition
  1. too sensitive to transformations
  2. small details can have large effects
  3. Does, not accept alternative interpretations
  4. no role of context
Term

Possible Solution to Template theory probs

Definition
  1. preprocessing (standardization)
  2. multiple templates
  3. allow for context
Term

Do template theories do a good job of explaining human perception?

Definition
No, they more accurately explain machine perception
Term
Feature theories
Definition
stimuli are not 1 thing bt bundles of features
Term
Property List
Definition
description of something in terms of elementary features
Term
Distinctive Feature
Definition
the only part of the stimuls that can distinguish the stimulus from another
Term
Evidence of Feature Theories
Definition
  1. physiological-cells in cats eye fire in response to perception not reflection of light
  2. Nature of errors -pple make mistakes systematically not randomly
  3. Stabilized images- a stimulus disappears from vision if stabilized perfectly
  4. Effects of similarity of non-targets-angular vs circular letter searching
Term
Problems w/ feature theories
Definition
Doesn't explain how humans know the features are aligned
Term
Bottom-Up processes
Definition
(data driven)-going from specific to general conlcusions
Term
Top-down
Definition
(conceptually-driven)- going from general knowledge to help understand specifics
Term
Why is proofreading difficult?
Definition
We simulataneously use bottom-up and top-down processes!
Term
Unconditional Response
Definition
an unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus
Term

Unconditional stimulus

Definition

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Term
Acquisition
Definition
initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus w/ an unconditional stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response
Term
Extinction
Definition
suppresses the CR, does not eliminate it
Term
Generalization
Definition
tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS
Term
Discrimination
Definition
learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrevelant stimuli
Term
Learning
Definition
a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience
Term
Conditioning
Definition
the process of learning associations
Term
Classical conditioning
Definition
learn to associate 2 stimuli and ths anticipate events
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
learn to associate a response and its consequences
Term
How do organisms adapt to their environment?
Definition
through classical conditioning
Term

2 things that contribute Long-term memory to the role of features

Definition
  1. Tip of the tongue phenomenon
  2. feeling of knowing experience
Term
The fact that our mind is not designed to deal w/ whole objects bt bundles of features is found evient in what
Definition
  • perception
  • short-term memory
  • long-term memory
  • higher-order judgements
Term
Humans are dif from animals in what 3 dif respects?
Definition
  1. language (humans understand syntax)
  2. developmental period (extremely long for humans)
  3. Human behavior is much more a function of learning than of instincts
Term
Classical definition of learning
Definition
any relatively permanent change in behavior as a function of prior experience
Term
Contemporary definition of learning
Definition
any relatively permanent change in the organism as a function of prior experience
Term
Associatve learning
Definition

all bout how things in the wold go together systematically (i.e. blue sky=no rain; dark, cloudy sky=rain)

Term
Classical Conditioning as a form of learning
Definition
relatively passive fomrm (no control over x & y)
Term
Instrumental (operant conditioning)
Definition
more active form of learning (one can control x & y)
Term
How was classical conditiong discovered?
Definition
Ivan Pavlov discovered it when he was trying to understand psychic secretions
Term
Ivan Pavlov
Definition
  • won Nobel prize on the physiology of digestive system
  • one of the most famous "psychologists"
  • discovered classical conditioning
Term
Stimulus generalization
Definition
learning from a particular stimulus and generalizing from that
Term
Stimulus discrimination
Definition
fights against stimulus generalization, dogs learn to discriminate buzzer A from buzzer B
Term
Extinction
Definition
the CS w/o the UCS eventually leads to no CR and the response extinguishes
Term
Reconditioning
Definition

conditioning subject after extinction has occurred:

reconditioning is much more quicker than conditioning

Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
the response spontaneously recovers after extinction after a period of time between extinction and new test trial
Term
 

CS-UCS contiguity

Definition
 

neither a necessary or sufficient condition

Term
Emotional based applications of Classical Conditiong
Definition
  1. Phobias
  2. Anxiety
  3. Fetishes
  4. Hypertension
  5. Systematic desensitization
Term
Phobia
Definition
 

a fear to something where the fear may not be unjustified but seems disproportionate to the real risk

Term
Anxiety
Definition
 

diffuse fear-not exactly sure where the fear is coming from

           stimulus generalization

           response conflict

 

Term
Fetishes
Definition
 

situations which create intense sexual arousal or sometimes people need something to become aroused

Term
Hypertension
Definition
 

one cause of hypertension may be entering an environment that has continuously caused high levels of stress

Term
Systematic Desensitization
Definition
 

therapeutic technique based on classical conditioning principles, 

works by conditioning relaxation which is incompatible with the fear

Term
Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect
Definition
 

any response that is followed by a reward or reinforcement becomes stronger and stronger over time and any response that is not followed by a reward or reinforcement becomes weaker and weaker overtime and will eventually die out

Term
Thorndike & Darwin
Definition
 

Characteristics of the individual that best fit the environment survive and those that don't die out (Darwin) Thorndike realizes his findings are analogous to Darwin's

Term
B.F. Skinner
Definition
introduced term "operant conditioning"
Term
Cumulative Recorder
Definition
Introduced by Skinner, reflects how much time elapses between one response and the next
Term
Continuous schedules of reinforcement
Definition
 

every time the subject does a critical response, it gets rewarded

Term
Intermittent/variable schedules of reinforcement
Definition
 

the subject is only rewarded some of the time it does a critical response

Term
 

REASONS INTERMITTENT SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT ARE IMPORTANT

Definition
 
  • All intermittent schedules of reinforcement will be more resistant to extinction!
  • Intermittent and continuous schedules produce very different patterns of responding
Term
Fixed Ratio
Definition

1. never changes

a. Example: rewarded every 10 times it pecks the disc

b. Steep, smooth line: fast, consistent rate of critical responses

Term
Variable Ratio
Definition

1. always changing

a. Animal is rewarded for every nth response on average, bt varies (on avg the animal must peck 10 times bt sometimes maybe just 5 or 2 or 24….)

b.  Steep, smooth line: fast, consistent rate of critical responses

Term
Fixed Interval
Definition

1. Reward comes on a timed interval 

Not too steep, not smooth: as time approaches end of interval, number of critical response increases

Term

Variable Interval

Definition

 reward comes on a time interval that varies

 

Not very steep, bt smooth: not very many responses bt they come at a consistent rate

Term
Learned Contingencies
Definition
  1. Positive Reinforcement
  2. Negative Reinforcement
  3. Punishment
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
 

rewarded when you do something, when a behavior is rewarded, the probability that the organism will do that behavior again goes up

Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
 

 taking away something the organism does not want, (i.e. taking aspirin to GET RID OF a headache)

Term
Punishment
Definition
 

the immediately preceding behavior will occur less often in the future (probability it will occur goes down

Term
Sensation vs. Perception
Definition

Sensation: process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

Perception: process by which we organize and interpret this information

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