Term
| Name the 5 primary functions of the skeletal system. |
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Definition
1. support
2. storage of minerals and lipids
3. blood cell production
4. protection (ribs protect internal organs)
5. leverage |
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Term
| sutural bones are also called |
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Definition
| wormian bones, they are small, flat, irregularly shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull (think: jigsaw puzzle) |
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Term
| elevations and projections of bones are associated with which anatomical terms? |
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Definition
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Term
| process formed where tendons or ligaments attach are associated with which anatomical terms? |
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Definition
| trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine. |
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Term
| depressions in bones are associated with which anatomical terms? |
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Definition
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Term
| openings in bones are associated with which anatomical terms? |
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Definition
| foramen, canal (or meatus), fissure, sinus (or antrum) |
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Term
| what are the 6 main categories of bone shapes? |
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Definition
| long bones, flat bones, sutural bones, irregular bones, short bones and sesamoid bones. |
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Term
| the diaphysis is connected to each epiphysis at a narrow zone known as the: |
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Definition
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Term
| the matrix contains bone cells, or osteocytes, within pockets called: |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are narrow passageways through the matrix, extending between the lacunae and nearby blood vessels, forming a branching network for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases. |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false, except at joints, the outer surfaces of bones are covered by a periosteum? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what happens when a bone lacks collagen? |
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Definition
| it becomes easily shattered. |
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Term
| what happens when a bone lacks hydroxyapatite? |
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Definition
| it becomes very soft and flexible (Rickets). |
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Term
| Why would a defect in collagen cause Amanda's bones to break easily? |
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Definition
| not having enough collagen would cause her bones to become brittle and easily broken (hence her disease is called brittle bone disease). |
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Term
| low calcium (often due to low vitamin D) causes ______ in children and _______ in adults. |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| soft spot on baby's head is slow to close, bony necklace, curved bones, big, lumpy joints, bowed legs |
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Term
| true or false, collagen fibers are stronger than steel. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ account for the majority of the cell population in bones. |
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Definition
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Term
| how would the compressive strength of a bone be affected if the ratio of collagen to hydroxyapatite increased? |
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Definition
| the bone would become less strong and more flexible. |
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Term
| what is the name of the bone-resorbing cell? |
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Definition
| an osteoclast because it breaks down bone and sends the minerals out to be absorbed by other areas of the body. |
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Term
| the basic functional unit of mature compact bone is the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| in an osteon, the osteocytes are arranged in concentric layers around a __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false, perforating canals run parallel to the bone. |
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Definition
| false, they extend perpendicular to the surface. |
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Term
| interstitial lamellae are what? |
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Definition
| remnants of osteons whose matrix components have been almost completely recycled by osteoclasts. |
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Term
| this incomplete cellular layer lines the medullary cavity. |
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Definition
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Term
| collagen fibers incorporated into bone tissue from tendons and ligaments, as well as from the superficial periosteum are called: |
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Definition
| perforating fibers (sharpey fibers). this method of attachment bonds the tendons and ligaments into the general structure of the bone, providing a much stronger attachment than would otherwise be possible. |
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Term
| an extremely powerful pull on a tendon or ligament will usually result in _________ rather than snapped collagen fibers. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| responsible for blood cell formation |
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Term
|
Definition
| adipose tissue important as an energy reserve. |
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Term
|
Definition
| concentric lamellae, canaliculi, central canals |
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Term
| _______ is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the main types of bone cells? |
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Definition
| osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast, osteoprogenitor cell |
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Term
| true or false, osteogenic cells divide and develop into osteoblasts. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| osteoporosis is caused by over-activity of what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Paget's disease is caused by over-activity of the? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false, cartilage can do both interstitial and apositional growth |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is interstitial growth? |
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Definition
| growth from within. bone can only grow interstitially. |
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|
Term
| what is appositional growth? |
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Definition
| growth by the addition of new layers on top of those already formed. |
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Term
| most bones originate as _____ cartilage |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| bone develops directly from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue |
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| cartilage model becomes bone. for example: in an embryo, major "bones" are present but made of hyaline cartilage. this cartilage model continues to grow by expansion of the cartilage matrix (interstitial growth) and the production of new cartilage at the outer surface (appositional growth). |
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Term
| steps of endochondral ossification: |
|
Definition
1. chondrocytes near the center expand and calcify
2. blood vessels grow into the perichondrium, perichondrium becomes periosteum
3. blood supply to periosteum increases, cartilage matrix becomes spongy bone, primary ossification center develops
4. osteoclasts form medullary cavity
5. centers of the epiphyses form secondary ossification centers
6. articular cartilage stays to cushion bone to bone contact, epiphyseal cartilage (plate) separates epiphysis from diaphysis |
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|
Term
| intramembranous ossification |
|
Definition
1. mesenchymal cells cluster together and secrete matrix. then, an ossification center is formed and bone grows outward in struts called spicules.
2. blood vessels begin to grow into the area.
3. at first only spongy bone, osteons develop around blood vessels, periosteum develops. |
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Term
| which hormones stimulate bone growth? |
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Definition
| growth hormone, thyroxine, estrogens (females), androgens (males), calcitonin and parathyroid hormones are important in homeostatic control of calcium and phosphate in the body. |
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|
Term
| factors that increase blood calcium levels: |
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Definition
| rate of intestinal absorption increases, osteoclasts stimulated to release stored calcium, kidneys retain calcium ions |
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|
Term
| factors that decrease blood calcium levels: |
|
Definition
| rate of intestinal absorption decreases, osteoclasts inhibited while osteoblasts continue to lock in calcium ions, kidneys allow for calcium loss |
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|
Term
| inadequate ossification is to osteopenia as compromised function due to loss of bone mass is to...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 types of muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
| skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
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Term
| Identify 6 major functions of skeletal muscle: |
|
Definition
| movement, posture, support, guard entrances and exits, body temp maintenance, storage of nutrient reserves |
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|
Term
| the entire muscle is surrounded by the: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the epimysium is a dense layer of _____ fibers. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the connective tissue fibers of the _________ divide the skeletal muscle into a series of compartments, each containing a bundle of muscle fibers called a fascicle. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a bundle of muscle fibers is called a: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| muscle fibers are also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delicate connective tissue within a fascicle, it surrounds the individual skeletal muscle cells, or muscle fibers and loosely interconnects adjacent muscle fibers. |
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|
Term
| the endomysium contains 3 things: |
|
Definition
| capillary networks, myosatellite cells (they help repair damaged muscle tissue), and nerve fibers that control the muscle |
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Term
| at each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium come together to form either a bundle known as a __________ or a broad sheet called an aponeurosis. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| tendons and aponeuroses usually do what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how would severing the tendon attached to a muscle affect the muscle's ability to move a body part? |
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Definition
| it would not be able to pull on the bone. |
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|
Term
| myoblasts grow up to be what kind of cells? |
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle fibers (they originate from embryonic cells known as myoblasts) |
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|
Term
| the sarcolemma is akin to what in the standard model of a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sarcoplasm is akin to what in a standard model of a cell? |
|
Definition
| cytoplasm. sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber. |
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|
Term
| transverse tubules or T tubules are: |
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Definition
| narrow tubes that are continuous with the sarcolemma and extend into the sarcoplasm. The signal that tells a muscle to contract is directed through the T tubule. |
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|
Term
| ___________ are the triggers for muscle fiber contraction |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| inside the muscle fiber, branches of transverse tubules encircle cylindrical structures called: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| myofibrils consist of bundles of protein filaments called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 main types of myofilament in muscle fibers are: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| thin filaments are composed primarily of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thick filaments are composed primarily of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is: |
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Definition
| a membrane complex related to smooth endoplasmic reticulum of other cells. THE SR is associated with the T tubule, terminal cisternae and together are termed a triad. |
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|
Term
| the pareital bones are located where? |
|
Definition
| on top of the skull in right and left portions. |
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|
Term
| where is the frontal bone? |
|
Definition
| the front of the face, it is lined horizontally by the coronal suture. |
|
|
Term
| where is the coronal suture? |
|
Definition
| located horizontally between the frontal bone and the parietal bones. |
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|
Term
| the lambdoid suture is located where? |
|
Definition
| on the posterior of the skull touching the occipital bone and the parietal bones. |
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|
Term
| the squamous suture is located between which bones of the skull? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the protruding bump behind (posterior to) the external acoustic meatus is the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| you find a skull that has the following characteristics: small vault, large face, pronounced muscle markings, sagittal crest, posterior foramen magnum and a V shaped mandible. Is this a human skull? |
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Definition
| no, this skull does not have bone characteristics common with that of a human. it may be a great ape or common ancestor but not a human. |
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Term
| you find a skull with the following characteristics: large vault, inferior foramen magnum, chin, U shaped mandible. is this specimen human? |
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Definition
| the characteristics associated with this skull are common with those of a human. |
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|
Term
| lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic, vomer, maxilla and mandible are all bones associated with: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid bones are all associated with: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this bone has a butterfly appearance: |
|
Definition
| the sphenoid which is part of the floor of the cranium. |
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|
Term
| the olfactory foramina, cribiform plate, crista galli, perpendicular plate, superior, middle nasal concha are all components of the what bone? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the mastoid process is _______ to the styloid process |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what are the landmarks of the pelvis? |
|
Definition
| iliac crest, ishium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx |
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|
Term
| you find a pelvis that includes these features: enlarged pelvic outlet, broad pubic angle ( >100 degrees), low curvature of the sacrum and coccyx, circular pelvic inlet, ilia that are quite broad. this pelvis is most likely what? |
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Definition
| having belonged to a female |
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|
Term
| the radius is the ________ bone of the forearm |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the ______ notch on the medial surface of the distal end of the radius marks the site of articulation with the head of the ulna. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the ________ process on the lateral surface of the radius helps stabilize the joint between the radius and the head of the ulna. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| totally immovable joints are either: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| gliding is an example of: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| flexion and extension are categorized as ____ movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane. |
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|
Term
| sacks lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid is the: |
|
Definition
| bursa. this reduces tension and acts as shock absorption. |
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|
Term
| name the types of circular movement: |
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Definition
| rotation, pronation/supination, circumduction |
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|
Term
| standing on the toes is what type of movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| standing on the heels is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| movement away from the median plane is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| movement toward the median plane is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of movement occurs when you spread your fingers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| turning of a structure on its long axis: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this type of movement is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. The appendage involved describes a cone. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ________ moves a structure superior and ________ moves a structure inferior. some examples might include shrugging the shoulders and opening and closing the mouth. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _________ describes a gliding motion anteriorly. for example, if you jutted your chin outward. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ________ moves structure back to anatomic position or even further posteriorly. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| moving the mouth side to side as if you are swishing mouth wash would include what kind of movement? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| movement of thumb and little finger toward each other is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| movement of thumb and little finger toward eachother and then returned to anatomical position describes: |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| turning the ankle so the plantar surface of the foot faces medially: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| turning the ankle so the plantar surface of the foot faces laterally is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fibrous joints are associated with: |
|
Definition
| synarthrosis which are not freely movable. |
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|
Term
| cartilaginous joints are associated with: |
|
Definition
| the sternum where the ribs articulate out. they are not freely movable. |
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|
Term
| _________ are those joints in which a fluid-filled cavity separates the two bones. This type of joint occurs at the ends of long bones, such as the limbs. |
|
Definition
| Synovial joints. Synovial joints are high maintenance joints because the trade off for their ability to perform a wide range of motions is a reduction in strength and stability. |
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|
Term
| _________ make up the pelvic girdle joint and the joints between vertebrae. The limited movement of these joints provides a very stable point between two bones. Yet that point has some give, so that it does not break easily. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the hip is a ___________ joint, the knee is a ________ joint. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| osteogenesis imperfecta can be caused by abnormally formed what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following events occurs last in intramembranous ossification? |
|
Definition
| cancellous bone is formed |
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|
Term
| In Ashley's case, what was used to stimulate bone growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the proper sequence of events in bone repair is: |
|
Definition
| hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone |
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|
Term
| synchondrosis, a type of cartilaginous joint contains ________ cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at this joint connective tissue is formed between two bones such as at the distal ends of the radius and the ulna. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this type of semi movable joint is associated with the midline of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| give two examples of symphisis joints in the body: |
|
Definition
| the fibrocartilage between vertebrae and the fibrocartilage at the pubic symphasis |
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|
Term
| water loss from the ___________ causes the vertebral discs to become less effective and also causes the decreased height associated with old age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle and ball/socket joints are all categorized as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the inability to produce the fluid that keeps most joints moist indicates a disorder of the: |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft would result in: |
|
Definition
| continuous stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane |
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|
Term
| t-tubules are invaginations of the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sarcolemma is equivalent to the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the route of what follows the sarcolemma, t-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum and then calcium ions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| G actin, calcium ions and tropomyiosin are all molecules that bind with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zee Intelligent Animal Has Muscle will help you remember what? |
|
Definition
| the sequence of dark and light bands on the sarcomere. |
|
|
Term
| what happens if you block acetylcholinesterase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if you block aCh receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 35% of bone is composed of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 65% of bone is composed of ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bone is formed by both intramembranous and __________ ossification, but bone growth is only through ____________. |
|
Definition
| endochondral, intramembranous |
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