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Exam 2 Study Guide
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55
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/04/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Action Potential
Definition
An excitation that travels along an axon at a constant strength, no matter how far it must travel.
Term
Amygdala
Definition
A part of the limbic system (within the brain) that produces fear responses.
Term
Arousal Theory
Definition
Assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal.
Term
Brain Lobes
Definition
Occipital, Parietal, Temporal, Frontal
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
rear of brain and focuses on vision
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
in front of occipital lobe, specialized for body senses: Touch, pain, temperature, awareness of body parts
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
located on left and right sides of head, close to ears. specializes in hearing and more complex aspects of vision
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
front of brain; primary motor cortex
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
A set of procedures used to investigate how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events. Classical conditioning involves learning relations between events—conditioned andunconditioned stimuli—that occur outside of one’s control.
Term
Conditioned Response
Definition
The acquired response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Conditioned Stimulus
Definition
The neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during classical conditioning.
Term
Depth Perception
Definition
The perception of distance, which enables us to experience the world in three dimensions.
Term
Emotions
Definition
A state characterized by physiological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings.
Term
Feature Detector
Definition
A neuron in the visual system of the brain that responds to the presence of a certain simple feature, such as a horizontal line.
Term
Gestalt Psychology
Definition
An approach to psychology that seeks to explain how we perceive overall patterns.
Term
Glia Cells
Definition
A cell of the nervous system that insulates neurons, removes waste materials (e.g., dead cells), and performs other supportive functions.
Term
Learning
Definition
A relatively permanent change in behavior, or potential behavior, that results from experience.
Term
Motivation
Definition
Internal processes that initiate, sustain, and direct activities.
Term
Primary Motives
Definition
Based on biological needs that must be met for survival
Term
Stimulus Motives
Definition
Need for stimulation and information; not necessary for survival
Term
Secondary Motives
Definition
Based on learned needs, drives, and goals
Term
Negative Punishment
Definition
When the removal of something after a behavior decreases the likelihood of that behavior
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
When the REMOVAL of a negative event after a behavior increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again
Term
Nervous System
Definition
consists of Brain and spinal cord; processes information
Term
Neurons
Definition
A cell of the nervous system that receives information and transmits it to other cells by conducting electrochemical impulses.
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
A chemical that is stored in the terminal of an axon and that, when released, activates receptors of other neurons.
Term
Positive Punishment
Definition
When the presentation of a consequence after a behavior decreases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
An event that, when presented after a response, increases the likelihood of that response.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
A procedure for studying how organisms learn about the consequences of their own voluntary actions (also called instrumental conditioning).
Term
Reinforcement Schedules
Definition
a rule used to determine when particular behaviors will be reinforced
Term
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Definition
When a behavior is followed by reinforcement every time it occurs
Term
Partial Reinforcement Schedule
Definition
When a behavior is followed only some of the time after
Term
Partial Reinforcement Schedule: Fixed Ratio
Definition
• Requires a certain NUMBER of responses before reinforcement occurs
• The number of responses required before reinforcement is FIXED

• It produces a steady and consistent rate of responding because the reinforcement is predictable
Term
Partial Reinforcement Schedule: Variable-ratio
Definition
• Also requires a certain number of responses before reinforcement. However the number required CHANGES and is not fixed
• It produces high rates of responding because the rewards are unpredictable
Term
Partial Reinforcement Schedule: Fixed-interval
Definition
• Reinforcement is provided to the first response that occurs after a FIXED amount of TIME has passed
• The pattern of responding that occurs is that it slows down after reinforcement and then increases as the time interval comes to an end
Term
Partial Reinforcement Schedule: Variable-interval
Definition
• In this type of schedule, the amount of time before reinforcement CHANGES and is NOT fixed
• Steady responding pattern
Term
Resting Potential
Definition
Electrical polarization that ordinarily occurs across the membrane of an axon that is not undergoing an action potential.
Term
Reversible Figures
Definition
A stimulus that you can perceive in more than one way.
Term
Subliminal Perception
Definition
The ability of a stimulus to influence our behavior even when it is presented so faintly or briefly or along with such strong distracters that we do not perceive it consciously.
Term
Thalamus
Definition
A forebrain area that relays information to the cerebral cortex.
Term
Emotion: Common Sense
Definition
Bear = fear then arousal then running and screaming
Term
Lie Detector
Definition
records changes in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and galvanic skin response (sweat) to detect if someone is telling the truth
Term
Emotion: James-Lange Theory
Definition
Bear = running then arousal then fear
Term
Emotion: Cannon-Bard Theory
Definition
Bear = Brain simultaneously produces bodily arousal and fear
Term
Emotion: Schachter's Cognitive Theory
Definition
Emotion occurs when we apply a particular label to general physical arousal
Term
Unconditioned Response
Definition
The observable response that is produced automatically, prior to training, on presentation of an unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus
Definition
A stimulus that automatically leads to an observable response prior to any training.
Term
Gestalt Principle of Proximity
Definition
to perceive objects that are close together as belonging to a group
Term
Gestalt Principle of Similarity
Definition
to perceive objects that resemble each other as belonging to a group
Term
Gestalt Principle of Continuation
Definition
the tendency to fill in the gaps in an interrupted line
Term
Gestalt Principle of Closure
Definition
the tendency to imagine the rest of an incomplete, familiar figure
Term
Gestalt Principle of Common Fate
Definition
the tendency to perceive objects as being part of the same group if they change or move in similar ways at the same time
Term
Gestalt Principle of Good Figure
Definition
the tendency to perceive simple, symmetrical figures
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
hindbrain structure that is active in controlling movement, especially rapid motor skills that require precise timing
Term
Perception of Movement
Definition
We perceive motion when an object moves relative to the background
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