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Exam 2 | Sociology Now | Chapter 6-9
Key terms and vocabulary in Kimmel's
51
Sociology
Undergraduate 2
11/03/2011

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Term
Deviance
Definition
breaking or refusing to follow a social rule, norms, expectations, etc.
Term
2 Types of Social Control
Definition
Informal - ridicule, laughter
Formal - authorities
Term
stigma
Definition
a label - discredits a person's claim to be normal
Term
anomie (strain theory)
Definition

Durkheim

too little social regulation

(alienation)

Term
differential association
Definition
Sutherland
people practice deviance through association with others, rewarded more than punished by "others"
Term
control theory (rational choice)
Definition
Hirschi weigh the pros/cons cost-benefit analysis of becoming deviant
Term
labeling theory
Definition
Becker
social context, considered deviant by larger group/activity. labels used to categorize (ie. slut, whore, slore)
Term
opportunity theory
Definition
Cloward and Ohlin
opportunities available ~ more likely to commit crimes
Term
strain theory
& 5 reactions (CIRRR)
Definition
Merton
deviance results out of inequality.
Conform - accept
Innovation - accept value, reject means. find a "new" way
Ritual - accept means, reject values
Rebellion - substitute norms & values
Retreat - rejects both, replaces with nothingness ~lead to suicide
Term
broken windows theory
Definition
Zimbardo
minor acts of violence lead to severe
Term
conflict theory
Definition
society organized by conflict rather than consensus. norms/values not equally distributed or accepted. inequality ensues
Term
violent crime
Definition
murder/manslaughter, rape, robbery, aggravated assault
Term
property crime
Definition
burglary, car theft, arson. no force or threat of force against a person
Term
white-collar crime
Definition
Sutherland
illegal action of a corporation or people acting on its behalf, using authority to commit crime
Term
occupational crime
Definition
using one's professional position to illegally secure something of value for oneself or for the corporation
Term
organizational crime
Definition
illegal in accordance with goals of an organization. antitrust violations, false advertising, price fixing, etc.
Term
Marx & Social Class
- bourgeoisie
- proletariat
Definition
ECONOMICALLY BASED
capitalists - own means of production, owning factories, farms, etc.
working class - forced to become wage laborers or go hungry
Term
Weber & Social Class
3 dimensions of stratification
Definition
Inequality present even if capitalism is overthrown, based on more than $.
1. Class position - relationship to production, worker or employer; income ; wealth
2. STATUS - prestige, what others think of you; status, based on lifestyle
3. POWER - ability to do what you want to do
Term
Caste system
Definition
fixed/permanent, religious based
assigned to your position at birth
Term
Feudalism
Definition
fixed/born into it, Europe
mutual obligation
Term
Class system
Definition
based on economic position - occupation, income, possessions
Term
social mobility
Definition
ability to move up - or down - in the social rankings
Term
Intergenerational mobility
Definition
takes place WITHIN groups, not between them, largely influenced by family income.
Term
Intragenerational mobility
Definition
individual mobility over time, income of sons and daughters resemble parents' to a degree. SINGLE GENERATION.
Term
absolute poverty
Definition
cannot afford basic necessities
Term
relative poverty
Definition
CAN afford basic needs, unable to maintain adequate standard of living
Term
"culture of poverty"
Definition
not a result of individual, but of larger social/cultural factors.
laziness, lacking ambition, embedded into those born poor.
Term
structural impediments
Definition
lack or opportunity/education and social/cultural capital
ex: funds for college, southern accent
Term
Plessy vs Ferguson, 1890
Definition
"one-drop rule"
Jim Crow laws, lost case because they still had separate but equal amenities
Term
prejudice
Definition
negative beliefs/attitudes toward people
Term
discrimination
Definition
OVERT, ACTIONS
based on prejudice and stereotypes
Term
racism
Definition
powerful form of prejudice
hierarchy, inferiority, superiority
systematically applied
Term
stereotypes
Definition
generalization about a group
oversimplified, exaggerated
Term
minority
Definition
members have less power and less access to resources, distinct difference apparent
Term
race
Definition
social category, depends on an assumption of biological distinction to rate/organize small groups
Term
ethnicity
Definition
cultural heritage/customs
Term
Asian Americans...
Definition
middle-class backgrounds
well off, highly educated in comparison
Term
Latinos...
Definition
great diversity, largest ethnicity in US
Term
sex
Definition
biological
male, female, intersex/hermaphrodites
Term
gender
Definition
social expectations, behavior, masculinity/femininity
Term
gender identity
Definition
understanding of ourselves as m/f
what we think it means to be m/f
Term
gender inequality
Definition
1. domination of men over women
2. domination of one sex over same sex (ie virtue of class or race)
Term
gender socialization
Definition
process by which m/f taught the appropriate behaviors, attitudes, and traits
begins at birth, continues through life
Term
gender roles
Definition
psych-based term to define traits, attitudes, behaviors associated with bio m/f.
Term
social construction of gender
Definition
idea that gender is something we CONSTRUCT all through our lives using cultural materials we find around us.
Term
feminism
Definition
system of beliefs
1. Gender inequality defines our society
2. Inequality is wrong and must change
Term
liberal feminism
Definition
focuses on individual woman's rights/opportunities
Term
radical feminism
Definition
moves beyond discrimination economically & politically to argue that women are oppressed and subordinated by men
Term
multicultural feminism
Definition
experience of being a woman of color cannot be extracted from being a woman. historical context of racial & class-based inequalities.
Term
3 waves of feminist theory
Definition
1. suffrage
2. careers, college, birth control
3. contemporary
- laws, education, equal opportunity
Term
Theories & Gender
1 Functionalism
2 Conflict Theory
3 Symbolic Interactionism
4 Multiculturalism
5 Globalism
Definition
1 differences are okay
2 hierarchy
3 internalized
4 race affects inequalities
5
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