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Exam 2 Key Terms
Terms for MOB
164
Business
Undergraduate 3
02/20/2012

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Term
Commutative Justice
Definition
The degree to which exchanges and transactions are considered fair.
Term
Content Theories
Definition
Focus primarily on individual needs-physiological and psychological deficiencies that we feel a compulsion to reduce or eliminate.
Term
Distributive Justice
Definition
The degree to which all people are treated the same under a policy. 
Term
Equity Theory
Definition
Posits that people will act to eliminate any felt inequity in the rewards they receive for their work in comparison with others.
Term
ERG Theory
Definition
collapses Maslow's five need categories into three: existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs.
Term
Existence Needs
Definition
in Alderfer's ERG theory, the desire for physiological and material well-being.
Term
Expectancy
Definition
the probability assigned by an individual that a given level of achieved task performance will follow work effort.
Term
Expectancy Theory
Definition
posits that motivation is a result of a rational calculation reflecting the degree to which a person believes that (1) effort will yield acceptable performance, (2) performance will be rewarded, and (3) the value of the rewards is highly positive.
Term
Goal Setting
Definition
the process of setting performance targets.
Term
Growth Needs
Definition
in Alderfer's ERG theory, the desire for continued personal growth and development.
Term
Hierarchy of needs Theory
Definition

(Maslow)-a content theory of motivation that identifies five distinct levels of individual needs: 

 

self-actualization

esteem needs

social

safety

physiological

Term
Higher order needs
Definition
the esteem and self-actualization needs of Maslow's need hierarchy.
Term
Hygiene Factors
Definition
sources of job dissatisfaction that are associated with the job context or work setting.
Term
Instrumentality
Definition
the probability assigned by the individual that a given level of achieved task performance will lead to various work outcomes.
Term
Interactional Justice
Definition
the degree to which the people affected by a decision are treated with dignity and respect.
Term
Job Enrichment
Definition
Tries to build more motivator factors into job content.
Term
Lower-order needs
Definition
the physiological, safety, and social needs of Maslow's need hierarchy.
Term
Management by objectives (MBO)
Definition
A process of joint goal setting between a supervisor and a subordinate.
Term
Motivation
Definition
forces within an individual that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work.
Term
Motivator Factors
Definition
Sources of satisfaction that are associated with job content-what people actually do in their work.
Term
Need for achievement (nAch)
Definition
The desire to do something better or more efficiently, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks.
Term
Need for affiliation (nAff)
Definition
the desire to establish or maintain friendly and warm relations with others.
Term
Need for power (nPower)
Definition
the desire to control others, to influence their behavior, or to be responsible for others.
Term
Organizational Justice
Definition
an issue of how fair and equitable people view workplace practices.
Term
Perceived Inequity
Definition
feeling under-rewarded or over-rewarded in comparison with others.
Term
Procedural Justice
Definition
the degree to which the rules and procedures specified by policies are properly followed in all cases to which they are applied.
Term
Process theories
Definition
Focus on the thought or cognitive processes that take place within the minds of people and influence their behavior.
Term
Relatedness needs
Definition
in Alderfer's ERG theory, desires for satisfying interpersonal relationships.
Term
Two-Factor Theory
Definition
focuses on two sets of factors-one set identifies sources of job dissatisfaction (hygienes) and the other set identifies sources of job satisfaction (motivators).
Term
Valence
Definition
The value attached by the individual to various work outcomes.
Term
Activity Measure-
Definition
Asses inputs in terms of work efforts.
Term
Behaviorally anchored rating scale: 
Definition
links performance ratings to specific and observable job relevant behaviors
Term
Bonuses: 
Definition
our extra pay awards for special performance accomplishments
Term
Compressed workweek:
Definition
 any scheduling of work at a allows a full-time job to be completed in fewer than the standard five days
Term
Critical incident diaries: 
Definition



written records that gives examples of a person's work behavior that leads to either unusual performance success or failure

Term
Employee stock ownership plans: 
Definition
 give stock to employees or allow them to purchase stock at special prices
Term
Extrinsic rewards 
Definition
 are valued outcomes given by some other person
Term
Flexible working hours 
Definition
gives individuals a daily choice in the timing commitments
Term
Forced distribution 
Definition
in performance appraisal forces a set percentage of persons into predetermined rating categories
Term
Gain sharing 
Definition
rewards employees in some proportion to productivity gains
Term
Graphic rating scale 
Definition
in performance appraisal assigned scores to specific performance dimensions
Term
Intrinsic rewards 
Definition
are valued outcomes received directly through task performance
Term
Job design 
Definition
is the process of specifying job tasks and working arrangements
Term
 job enlargement
Definition
 increases task variety by combining into one job two or more tasks that were previously assigned to separate workers 
Term
job enrichment 
Definition
the practice of enhancing job contents by building into more motivating factors such as responsibility achievement recognition and personal growth
Term
 job rotation 
Definition

increases task variety but periodically shifting workers among jobs involving different tasks

 
Term

 job sharing 

Definition
occurs when one full-time job is assigned to two or more persons who then divide the work according to agreed-upon hours 
Term
Job simplification
Definition
standardizes work to create clearly defined and highly specialized tasks.
Term
Merit Pay
Definition
a compensation system that directly ties an individual's salary or wage increase to measure of performance accomplishments during a specified time period.
Term
Motivation
Definition
forces that account for the level and persistence of an individual's effort expended at work.
Term
Output measures
Definition
of performance assess achievements in terms of actual work results.
Term
Paired Comparison
Definition
in performance appraisal compares each person with every other.
Term
Performance-contingent pay
Definition
you earn more when you produce more and earn less when you produce less
Term
Profit sharing
Definition
rewards employees in some proportion to changes in organizational profits.
Term
Psychological empowerment
Definition
a sense of personal fulfillment and purpose that arouses one's feelings of competency and committment to work.
Term
Ranking
Definition
In performance apprasial orders each person from best to worst
Term
Reliability
Definition
providing consistent results each time it is used for the same person and situation
Term
Scientific Management
Definition
Systematic study of job components to develop practices to increase people's efficiency at work.
Term
Skill-based pay
Definition
rewards people for acquiring and developing job-relevant skills.
Term
Stock options
Definition
give the owner the right to buy shares of stock at a future date at a fixed or "strike" price.
Term
Telecommuting
Definition
Refers to work at home or in a remote location via use of computers and advanced telecommunication linkages with a central office or other employment locations.
Term
360 degree evaluation
Definition
gathers evaluations from a job holder's bosses, peers, and subordinates, as well as internal and external customers and self ratings.
Term
Validity
Definition
actually measuring people on dimensions with direct relevance to job performance
Term
Work sharing
Definition
when employees agree to work fewer hours to avoid layoffs.
Term
Adjourning stage
Definition
where teams disband when their work is finished.
Term
Collective intelligence
Definition
the ability of team to perform well across a range of tasks.
Term
Cross functional team
Definition
members from different functions or work units
Term
Diversity-consensus dilemma
Definition
is the tendency for diversity in groups to create process difficulties even as it offers improved potential for problem solving.
Term
Effective team
Definition
a team that achieves high levels of taks performance, member satisfaction, and team viability.
Term
Employee involvement team
Definition
a wide variety of teams whose members meet regularly to collectively examine important workplace issues such as ways to enhance quality, better satisfy customers, raise productivity, and improve the quality of work life.
Term
FIRO-B theory
Definition
examines differences in how people relate to one another based on their needs to express and receive feelings of inclusion, control, and affection.
Term
Formal teams
Definition
teams created and officially designated to serve specific organizational purposes.
Term
Forming stage
Definition
focuses around the initial entry of members to a team
Term
Functional silos problem
Definition
occurs when members of one functional team fail to interact with others from other functional teams.
Term
Group or team dynamics
Definition
are the forces operating in groups that affect the ways members work together.
Term
Heterogeneous teams
Definition
members differ in many characteristics
Term
Homogeneous teams
Definition
teams in which members may find it very easy to work together but they may also suffer performance limitations if their collective skills, experiences and perspectives are not a good match for complex skills.
Term
Informal groups
Definition
are unofficial and emrge to serve special interests
Term
Multiskilling
Definition
the ability to perform many different jobs-even all of the team's jobs-as needed.
Term
Norming stage
Definition
where members start to work together as a coordinated team
Term
Performing stage
Definition
marks the emergence of a mature and well-functioning team.
Term
Problem-solving team
Definition
a team created temporarily to serve a specific purpose by dealing with a specific problem or opportunity.
Term
Quality circle
Definition
team that meets regularly to address quality issues
Term
Self-managing team
Definition
empowered to make the decisions to manage themselves in day-to-day work.
Term
social facilitation
Definition
is the tendency of one's behavior to be influenced by the presence of others in a group.
Term
Social loafing
Definition
occurs when people work less hard in groups than they would individually.
Term
Social Network Analysis
Definition
used to identify the informal groups and networks of relationships that are active in an organization.
Term
Status Congruence
Definition
involves consistency between a person's status within and outside a group.
Term
Storming stage
Definition
is one of the high emotionality and tension among team members.
Term
Synergy
Definition
the creation of a whole greater than the sum of its parts
Term
Team 
Definition
A group of people brought together to use their complementary skills to achieve a common purpose for which they are collectively accountable
Term
Team composition 
Definition
is the mix of abilities, skills, personalities and experiences that the members bring to the team.
Term
Teamwork
Definition
occurs when team members accept and live up to their collective accountability by actively working together so that all their respective skills are best used to achieve important goals.
Term
Virtual team
Definition
a team whose members convene and work together electronically via computer
Term
Anchoring and adjustment heuristic
Definition
involves assessing an event by taking an initial value determined by historical precedent or an outside source, and then incrementally adjusting this value to make a current assessment.
Term
Availability heuristic
Definition
involves assessing a current event based on past occurences that are easily available in one's memory.
Term
Behavioral decision model
Definition
views decision makers as acting only in terms of what they percieve about a available in one's memory.
Term
Certain environments
Definition
provide full information on the expected results for decision-making alternatives.
Term
Classical decision model
Definition
views decision makers as acting in a world of complete certainty.
Term
Classical decision model
Definition
views decision makers as acting in a world of complete certainty
Term
Confirmation error
Definition
the tendency to seek confirmation for what is already thought to be true and not search disconfirming information.
Term
Consultative decisions
Definition
are made by one individual after seeking input from or consulting with members of a group.
Term
Creativity
Definition
generates unique and novel responses to problems.
Term
Crisis decision
Definition
required when an unexpected problem can lead to disaster if not resolved quickly and appropriately.
Term
Criteria Questions
Definition
assess a decision in terms of utility, rights, justice, and caring.
Term
Decision Making
Definition
is the process of choosing a course of action to deal with a problem or opportunity.
Term
Escalating commitment
Definition

the tendency to continue and renew effort on a previously chosen course of action, even though it is not working.

 

Term
Ethics
Definition
is the philosophical study of morality.
Term
Framing error
Definition
is solving a problem in the context percieved.
Term
Heuristics
Definition
simpifying strategies or "rules of thumb" used to making decisions.
Term
Hindsight trap
Definition
the tendency for the decision maker to overestimate the degree to which an event that has already taken place could have been predicted.
Term
Individual decisions
Definition
or authority decisions, are made by one person on behalf of the team.
Term
Intituitive thinking
Definition
approaches problems in a flexible and spotaneous fashion.
Term
Lack of participation Error
Definition
occurs when important people are excluded from the decisions making process.
Term
Moral dilemma
Definition
involves a choice between two or more ethically uncomfortable alternatives.
Term
Moral problem
Definition
poses major ethical consequences for the decision maker or others.
Term
Nonprogrammed decisions
Definition
implement solutions that are specifically crafted or tailored for addressing a nonroutine problem.
Term
Optimizing decisions
Definition
give the absolute best solution to a problem.
Term
Programmed decisions
Definition
implement solutions that have already been determined by past experience as appropriate for addressing routine problems that arise on a regular basis.
Term
Representativeness huersitic
Definition
involves assessing the likelihood that an event will occur based on its similarity to one's stereotype of similar occurences.
Term
Risk environments
Definition
exist when decision makers lack complete certainty regarding the outcomes of similarity to one's stereotypes of similar occurences.
Term
Risk management
Definition
involves anticipating risks and factoring them into decision making
Term
Satisficing decisions
Definition
choose the first alternative that appears to give an acceptable or a satisfactory solution to the problem.
Term
Spotlight decisions
Definition
expose a decision to public scrutiny and full transparency
Term
Systematic thinking
Definition
approaches problems in a rational and analytical fashion
Term
Team decisions
Definition
are made by all members of the team
Term
Uncertain environments
Definition
exist when managers have so little information on hand that they cannot even assign probabilities to various alternatives and their possible outcomes.
Term
Active Listening
Definition
the ability to help the source of a message say what he or she means
Term
Channel richness
Definition
refers to the capacity of a channel to convey information effectively
Term
Communication
Definition
the process of sending and receiving messages with attached meanings
Term
Communication channels
Definition
the pathways through which messages are sent, including face-to-face meetings, electronic mail and online discussions, written letters or memorandums, and telephone or voicemail, among others.
Term
Defensiveness
Definition
occurs when individuals feel they are being attacked and they need to protect themselves.
Term
Disconfirmation
Definition
occurs when an individual feels his or her self-worth is being questioned.
Term
Downward communication
Definition
follows the chain of command from top to bottom
Term
Encoding
Definition
is the process of translating an idea or thought into a message consisting of verbal, written, or nonverbal symbols (such as gestures), or some combination of them.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
the tendency to believe one's culture and its values are superior to those of others.
Term
Feedback
Definition
the process through which the receiver communicates with the sender by returning another message.
Term
Filter
Definition
senders filter information by conveying only certain parts that are relevant.
Term
Flaming
Definition
rudeness in electronic communication
Term
Formal channels
Definition
channels that follow the chain of command established by an organization's hierarchy of authority.
Term
Grapevine
Definition
a network of friendships and acquaintances through which rumors and other unofficial information are passed from person to person.
Term
High-context culture
Definition
a culture in which words convey only part of a message, while the rest of the message must be inferred from body langauge and additional contextual cues.
Term
Informal Channels
Definition
channels that do not follow an organization's hierarchy or authority
Term
Interactional transparency
Definition
is the open and honest shaing of information
Term
Interpersonal barriers
Definition
occur when individuals are not able to objectively listen to the sender due to things such as lack of trust, personality, clashes, a bad reputation or stereotypes/prejudices.
Term
Lateral communication
Definition
is the flow of messages at the same levels across organizations.
Term
Low-context culture
Definition
a culture in which message are expressed mainly by the spoken and written word.
Term
Mum effect
Definition
occurs when people are reluctant to communicate bad news and desire to be polite.
Term
Noise
Definition
any disturbance that disrupts the communication process and intereferes with the transference of messages
Term
Nonverbal communication
Definition
the type of communication that takes place through facial expressions, body, motions, eye contact, and other physical gestures.
Term
Parochialism
Definition
assuming that the ways of your culture are the only ways of doing things.
Term
Physical distractions
Definition
include interruptions from noises, visitors and the life, that interfere with communication.
Term
Presence
Definition
is the act of speaking without words
Term
Presence aware tools
Definition
are software that allow a user to view others' real-time availability status and readiness to communicate.
Term
Receiver
Definition
is the individual or group of individuals to whom a message is directed.
Term
Selective listening
Definition
individuals block out information or only hear things that match preconceived notions.
Term
Semantic barriers
Definition
involve a poor choice or use of words and mixed messages
Term
Sender
Definition
is a person or group trying to communicate with someone else.
Term
Status differences
Definition
are differences between persons of higher and lower ranks
Term
Supportive communication principles
Definition
are a set of tools focused on joint problem solving
Term
Upward communication
Definition
Is the flow of messages from lower to higher organization levels.
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