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exam 2:chapter 7,8,9,11
Represents an intro to the physiological substrata of behavior; includes analysis of basic neuroanatomy, research techniques, basic physiology, sensory processes, and central nervous system functions.
127
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
03/22/2011

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Term
Pitch
Definition
frequency of vibration
Term
Loudness
Definition
function of sound wave intensity
Term
Timbre
Definition
provides info about nature or complexity of the sound
Term
Cochlea
Definition
structure of the inner ear containing the receptors necessary for transducing auditory info to elecrtical energy
Term
Organ of Corti
Definition
sensory organ for the auditory system
Term
Cochlear Nerve
Definition
branch of the auditory nerve that transmits auditory info to the brain;receives info from the Organ of Corti
Term
Place Coding
Definition
coding of frequencies by different locations within the cochlea
Term
Rate coding
Definition
coding of frequencies by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory system
Term
Overtone
Definition
the frequency of complex tones that occurs;different portions of the cochlea respond to each overtone
Term
Phase differences
Definition
difference in arrival times of sound waves at each eardrum
Term
Pattern Recognition
Definition
recognition that particular patterns of constantly changing activity belong to different sound sources (can differentiate between different sounds)
Term
Somatosenses
Definition
provide info about what is happening on the surface of the body and inside it
Term
cutaneous senese
Definition
skin senses or touch
Term
proprioception
Definition
perception of body position and posture
Term
kisesthesia
Definition
perception of bodys own movements
Term
organic senses
Definition
sensory receptors located within the inner organs of the body
Term
pressure
Definition
caused by mechanical deformations of the skin
Term
ruffini corpuscles
Definition
respond to the indentation of the skin
Term
pacinian corpuscles
Definition
respond to rapid vibrations
Term
Meissners corpuscles
Definition
touch sensitive organs;respond to low frequency vibration
Term
Merkel's Disks
Definition
also sensitive to indentation of the skin (adjacent to sweat ducts)
Term
Touch
Definition
highly localized ( can precisely detect location on our skin where we are being touched)
Term
Nociceptors
Definition
detect any stimulus thats potentially harmful
Term
3 types of nociceptors
Definition
1.high threshold mechanoreceptors that respond to intense pressure, stretching, or pinching
2. respond to extreme heat, acids, and presence of capsaicin
3. TRPA1 receptors that are sensitive to pungent irritants (these chemicals produce inflammation)
Term
5 basic tastes
Definition
bitterness
sourness
sweetness
saltiness
umami-ability to taste proteins in food
Term
fungiform papillae
Definition
front 2/3rds of tongue
Term
foliate papillae
Definition
back edge of tongue
Term
circumvallate papillae
Definition
back 1/3rd of the tongue
Term
chorda tympani
Definition
branch of the facial nerve transmitting taste info from front part of the tongue
Term
nucleus of the solitary tract
Definition
nucleus in the medulla receiving info from the gustatory system
Term
olfactory epithelium
Definition
contains cilia of the olfactory receptors
Term
olfactory bulb
Definition
end of the olfactory tract that receives input from the olfactory receptors
Term
Mitral cell
Definition
neuron in the olfactory bulb that receives olfactory info
Term
number of olfactory receptors
Definition
339
Term
how many scents can a human recognize?
Definition
10,000
Term
glomerulus
Definition
structure in the olfactory bulb made of axons form the olfactory receptor neurons (responsible for sending info from the cilia to olfactory cortex)
Term
3 types of muscles
Definition
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Term
skeletal muscles
Definition
attached to bones via tendons
Term
flexion
Definition
limb movement that bends joints
Term
extension
Definition
limb movement that straightens joints
Term
extrafusal muscle fibers
Definition
responsible for force exerted by contraction of skeletal muscle
Term
intrafusal muscle fibers
Definition
functions as a stretch receptor
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
nonstriated muscle controlled by autonomic nervous system
Term
2 types of smooth muscle
Definition
multiunit smooth muscle, single unit smooth muscle
Term
multiunit smooth muscle
Definition
in large arteries, hair follicles,and eye
Term
single unit smooth muscle
Definition
in gastrointestinal system, uterus, and small blood vessels
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
built like striated muscle but functions like smooth muscle
Term
monosynaptic stretch reflex
Definition
muscle contracts in response to being quickly stretched
Term
gamma motor system
Definition
system by which the cns controls and modifies muscle sensitivity
Term
gamma motor neurons
Definition
capable of altering the sensitivity to stretch
Term
relaxed gamma motor neurons
Definition
produce intrafusal muscle fibers that are insenstive to stretch
Term
active gamma motor neurons
Definition
produce intrafusal muscle fibers that are more sensitive to strech
Term
what determines whether gamma motor neurons are active or relaxed?
Definition
depends on whether the muscle gets resistance on stretch/movement
Term
polysynaptic reflexes
Definition
spinal reflexes involving multiple synapses
Term
clasp-knife reflex
Definition
occurs when force is applied to flex or extend the limb of an animal showing decerebrate rigidity
Term
decerebrate rigidity
Definition
involuntary extension of the upper extremities in response to external stimuli (occurence indicates brain stem damage)
Term
agonist
Definition
muscle whose contraction produces a particular movement (works with muscles to produce an action or movement)
Term
antagonist
Definition
muscle whose contraction resists/reveses a particular movement
Term
what causes movement in particular parts of the body?
Definition
activation of neurons in particular parts of the primary motor cortex
Term
2 groups of tracts which control movement in the primary motor cortex?
Definition
lateral group and ventromedial group
Term
lateral group
Definition
tracts involved in grasping objects, face and tongue movement, and movement of the forearms and hands (lateral to spinal cord and involved in independant limb movements)
Term
ventromedial group
Definition
tracts for posture, coordination of eye with trunk and head, walking, and locomotion and posture (in front of spinal cord and involved in automatic movements)
Term
role of the motor association cortex
Definition
planning and initiating movements
Term
supplementary motor area
Definition
involved in planning of movements or motor actions
Term
premotor cortex
Definition
involved in learning and executing complex movements guided by sensory info
Term
role of the mirror neuron system
Definition
imitating and comprehending movements
Term
mirror neurons
Definition
neuron in the ventral premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobule that respond when a particular movement is made or when one sees another make that movement
Term
parietal reach region
Definition
region in the medial posterior parietal cortex that plays a critical role in control of pointing or reaching with the hands
Term
apraxia
Definition
disorders associated with difficulty in carrying out purposeful movements
Term
limb apraxia
Definition
movement of the wrong part of the limb, incorrect movement of the correct part, or correct movements but in the incorrect sequence (due to damage in the left parietal hemisphere)
Term
constructional apraxia
Definition
difficulty in drawing pictures (caused by lesions to right parietal lobe)
Term
alpha activity
Definition
resting quietly; not aroused or excited
Term
beta activity
Definition
person is alert and attentive to events in environment;thinking actively
Term
stage 1
Definition
1st stage of sleep
theta activity:transistion between sleep and wakefulness
Term
stage 2
Definition
10 mins in
sleep spindle and k complex
Term
sleep spindles
Definition
short brain activity bursts; occurs 2-5 times through first four stages of sleep
Term
k complex
Definition
only found in stage 2;trigerred by unexpected noises
prevents sleeper from awakening
Term
stage 3
Definition
25 mins in
delta activity
Term
delta activity
Definition
stage 3-slow wave brain activity
referred to as slow wave sleep
Term
stage 4
Definition
45 mins in
delta activity:more than 50%
deepest level of sleep
Term
rem
Definition
rapid eye movement-occurs around 90 mins in
dreaming, rapid eye movements and muscular paralysis occur. who ever is awakened in this state will report dreaming because brain is very active
Term
when does mental activity occur during sleeping?
Definition
during rem and slow wave sleep
Term
slow wave sleep
Definition
most nightmares occur at this stage
Term
cataplexy
Definition
complete paralysis during waking (rem paralysis kicks in a wrong time)
Term
sleep paralysis
Definition
paraysis just prior to sleep
Term
hypnagogic hallucinations
Definition
vivid dreams just prior to sleep (dreams while lying awake paralyzed)
Term
rem sleep behavior disorder
Definition
individual fails to become paralyzed during rem stage and acts out dreams
Term
problems associated with slow wave sleep
Definition
nocturnal enuresis and somnambulism
Term
nocturnal enuresis
Definition
bedwetting
Term
somnambulism
Definition
sleepwalking
Term
pavow nocturnus
Definition
night terrors
Term
sleep reated eating disorder
Definition
eating during sleepwalking without remembering
Term
functions of slow wave sleep
Definition
essential for survival, allow brain and body to recuperate
Term
fatal familial insomnia
Definition
fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive insomnia
Term
adenosine
Definition
neuromodulator released by neurons engaged in high levels of metabolic activity
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
neurotransmitter that plays an important role in arousal of the cerebral cortex
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
neurotransmitter that plays an important role in vigilance(release upon waking up)
Term
serotonin
Definition
neurotransmitter that plays a role in activating behavior
Term
histamine
Definition
neurotrasmitter implicated in the control of wakefulness and arousal
Term
orexin
Definition
has an excitatory effect on a number of brain regions
Term
neural control of slow wave sleep
Definition
ventrolateral preoptic area:neurons that suppress alertness and behavioral arousal and promote sleep
Term
neural control of rem sleep
Definition
acetylcholine:plays important role
Term
circadian rhythms
Definition
daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process
Term
zeitgebers
Definition
stimuli/external cues that resets the biological clock responsible for circadion rhythms example:daylight
Term
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Definition
hypothalamic nucleus containing the biological clock for many of the bodys circadian rhythms
Term
melanopsin
Definition
photopigment in retinal ganglion cells that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Term
seasonal rhythm
Definition
the season of the year influences how much light is produced which influences biological clock
Term
pineal gland
Definition
produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms
Term
melatonin
Definition
hormone secreted during the night by the pineal gland (plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms)
Term
3 components of emotions
Definition
behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal
Term
behavioral emotion
Definition
muscular movements appropriate to situation that elicits emotion (defending yourself against an intruder)
Term
autonomic emotion
Definition
facilitate behaviors and provide quickl mobilization of energy for vigorous movement (heart rate increases in order to support increased activity)
Term
hormonal emotion
Definition
reinforce autonomic responses (hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine increase blood flow)
Term
fear
Definition
amygdala (fear/aggression center), involved in various human emotional responses
Term
conditioned emothional response
Definition
fear
Term
medial prefrontal cortex
Definition
involved in the extinction of conditioned emotional responses
Term
aggresive behavior
Definition
threat behavior and defensive behavior
Term
threat behavior
Definition
stereotypical species behavior warning another animal that it may be attacked
Term
submissive behavior
Definition
stereotyped behavior shown by an animal in response to threat by another
Term
role of serotonin
Definition
inhibits aggression
Term
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Definition
plays a role of complex analyses of social situations
Term
androgens
Definition
hormones involved in development of sex organs and sex characteristics
Term
which hemisphere is important for the comprehension of emotion
Definition
right hemisphere
Term
role of amygdala
Definition
important for emotion recognition, especially for facial recognition
Term
affective blindsight
Definition
abillity of a person who cannot see objects in his visual field to accurately identify facial expression of emotion without conscious perception of them
Term
detecting deception
Definition
words, face, body, voice
Term
james lange theory of emotion
Definition
suggests that behaviors and physiological responses are directly elicited by situations and that feelings of emotions are produced by feedback from these behaviors and responses
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