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Exam 1 Chapter 6
Chapter 6 info for Exam 1
33
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
09/10/2012

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Term
Structural Macroelements?
Definition
C, O, N, P, S, H
Term
Macroelements with catalytic activity and stuctural stabalizers:
Definition
K, Mg, Fe, Ca
Term
Microelements are also called?
Definition
trace elements
Term
Enzyme co-factors?
Definition
Mn, Co, Zn, Mo, Ni, Cu
Term
Organic compounds unable to be synthesized by an organism?
Definition
Vitamins, Amino Acids, and Purines/Pyrimidines
Term
Autotrophs
Definition
CO2 is primary source of Carbon
Term
Heterotrophs
Definition
Reduced, preformed organic molecules from other organisms
Term
Phototrophs
Definition
Energy from light
Term
Chemotrophs
Definition
Oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds
Term
Lithotrophs
Definition
Energy from reduced inorganic molecules
Term
Organotrophs
Definition
Energy from organic molecules
Term
First 2 kingdoms where developed by whom and what were they?
Definition
Linnaeus and plants and animals
Term
3 kingdoms developed by whom and what were they?
Definition
Haeckel and they were plants, animals, and protists
Term
5 kingdoms developed by whom and what were they?
Definition
Whittaker and they were plants, animals, protists, bacteria,and fungi
Term
Superdomains include and what do each make up?
Definition
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
P = Bacteria and Archea
E = Eukarya (fungi, protists,and algea)
Term
Phentic observations include and were based on the original what?
Definition
cell organization, cell size, membrane presence and were based on the original 5 kingdoms.
Term
Phylogenetic characteristics include and were used for the new what?
Definition
DNA, rRNA, proteins and were used for the new 3 domains (bacteria, archaea, and eukarya)
Term
What is universally present in all living organisms and has an identical function in all living organisms
Definition
rRNA
Term
Characteristics of Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes?
Definition
Prokaryotes:
-nucleiod, no membrane around the condensed DNA
-Lacks mitochondria, golgi bodies, and chloroplasts
-unicellular organisms only
Eukaryotes:
-Can be unicellular or multicellular
-Have mitochondria, chloroplasts, and golgi bodies
-Have membrane-bound DNA called the nucleus
Term
Morphologies of Domain Bacteria?
Definition
Bacillus, coccus, spirillum, spirochete, and vibrio
Term
How to the Domain bacteria reproduce and move around?
Definition
Reproduce: Binary Fission
Motility: Flagella
Term
Domain Archaea are similar to Domain Bacteria in all aspects except:
Definition
They lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and inside have special membrane lipids and also tend to live in extreme environments
Term
Saprophytic is a characteristic of Domain Eukarya that means and applies to which specific things?
Definition
living off of decaying material (heterotrophic)
applies to mushrooms, yeasts and molds
Term
Which hypothesis has the most supporting evidence for the evolution of microbes?
Definition
Endosymbiotic Theory (mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokariotic symbiotes)
Term
Sexual reproduction in Eukaryotes is considered what type of transmission?
Definition
Vertical
Term
Asexual reproduction in Prokaryotes is considered what type of transmission?
Definition
Horizontal
Term
What Defines a Species?
Definition
interbreeding natural populations that produce offspring capable of successful breeding
Term
Exceptions that do not contain a cell wall
Definition
mycoplasma and some Archaea
Term
What is the steriod-like stabalizing structure in the cell membrane that is similar to cholesterol in eukarya?
Definition
Hopanoids
Term
Function of the cell wall?
Definition
Withstands osmotic pressure to prevent cell from lysis and confers cell shape
Term
In Gram (-) bacteria the cell wall components include?
Definition
-thin layer of peptidoglycan
-outer membrane
-periplasmic space
Term
Gram - have what kind of cross-linkage and what specific molecule in the the tetrapeptide chain allows for this?
Definition
Direct crosslinkage due to DAP
Term
Gram + have what kind of cross-linkage? and what is the most common of that type of cross-linkage?
Definition
Peptide interbridge cross-linkage and a 5-glycine bridge is the most common
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