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Exam 1
ESS 3500
98
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
02/10/2017

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Term
Biomechanics
Definition
effective forces of living organisms
Term
Why are biomechanics important?
Definition
injury prevention, rehab, athletic performance, training improvement, and equipment improvement
Term
biology
Definition
branch of knowledge that deals with living organisms
Term
Mechanisms
Definition
study of forces and their effects on objects
Term
kinematics
Definition
study of appearance or description of motion
Term
kinetics
Definition
study of the actions of forces that causes the motion
Term
Linear
Definition
motion along a line
Term
A base runner 15 m from the plate is heading home at 9 m/s. The catcher after chasing a wild pitch is 10 m from the plate and starts running at 5m/s. Who will reach home plate first?
Definition
Solution:
Catcher: time = 10m/(5m/s)
time = 2 s
Runner: time = 15/(9m/s)
time = 1.67 s

Runner by 0.33 s
Term
The hypotenuse of right triangle ABC is 6 cm long. What is the length of the other two sides.
Definition
Solution:
A = (6 cm) (sin 30°) = 3 cm
B = (6 cm) (cos 30°) = 5.2 cm
Term
Describe a Rectilinear line
Definition
[image]
Term
Describe a Curvilinear line
Definition
[image]
Term
Angular Motion
Definition
rotation around an axis[image]
Term
General motion
Definition
combo of linear and angular motion (includes most human motion)
Term
Mechanical System
Definition
Body or portion of a body that is deliberately chosen to be the focus of a particular biomechanical analysis
EX: throwing arm, kicking leg
Term
anatomical reference position
Definition
erect standing position with all body parts facing forward
Term
Sagittal Plane
Definition
forward and backward movements occur
Term
Frontal Plane
Definition
lateral movements occur
Term
Transverse Plane
Definition
rotational movements occur
Term
Spatial reference
Definition
points of interest identified with respect to the origin in 3 dimensions
Term
What is Mass?
Definition
quantity of matter composing a body
represented by m
units: kg (lb/2.2)
Term
What is Inertia?
Definition
tendency to resist change in motion
no units!
amount of inertia of an object is directly proportional to its MASS
Term
What is Force?
Definition
push or pull- product of mass x acceleration.
Characterized by magnitude, direction, and pt of application
UNIT: Newtons N(1kg*1m/s^2)
Term
F=ma
Definition
force=mass x acceleration
Term
What is Weight?
Definition
attractive force that the earth exerts on body
weight=m*a=-9.81m/s/s
units of wt are in units of force=Newtons
Term
If I weigh 200lb what is my wt in Newtons?
Definition
890 N
Term
A man on the moon has a mass of 100 kg. If the acceleration due to gravity on the moon is -1.62m/s2 is what is his mass on the Earth (g = -9.81m/s2)?
Definition
100 kg
Term
What is center of gravity?
Definition
point around which a bodies mass is equally balanced in all directions.
point at which weight vector acts
Term
What is Torque?
Definition
Rotational effect of force- torque and mom can be the same
TORQUE=FORCE X DISTANCE
Term
What is impulse?
Definition
product of force and time over which force acts
J=Ft UNITS: N
SMALL force acting for relatively LONG time
LARGE force acting for relatively SHORT time
Term
What is pressure?
Definition
force per unit of area which force acts: P=F/A
P=N/cm^2
Term
How much muscle force did the biceps brachii apply to the radius if the biceps produced 100 Nm of torque at a perpenHow much muscle force did the biceps brachii apply to the radius if the biceps produced 100 Nm of torque at a perpendicular distance of 3cm from the elbow joint?
dicular distance of 3cm from the elbow joint?
Definition
3,333 N
Term
Tennis shoe surface area=97 cm^2
Surface area of 12 Golf spike shoes= 0.36 cm^2
Tess weighs 223 N
What is the difference in pressure between the two shoe types?
Definition
Tennis shoe: 2.29 N/cm^2
Golf shoe: 619.44 N/cm^2
difference: 617.15
Rather have tennis shoe than golf spikes.
Term
What is volume?
Definition
amount of space occupied by boy (width, ht, depth)
(cm^3, m^3, liters) 1liter=1000 cm^3
1qt= 57.75 in^3
Term
What is density?
Definition
mass per unit of volume- combine mass of body with body volume. Density (p)= mass/volume- kg/m^3
Term
What is Compression?
Definition
two forces forcing together EX: bones, placing flowers in a book
Term
What is tension?
Definition
pulling or stretching force directly axially EX: growing, ACL tear, achilles tendon during walking, stretchy bands
Term
What is shear?
Definition
force directed parallel to surface; compressive and tensile forces act longitudinally.
EX: compound fractures ---> l
l <-------
Term
what is bending?
Definition
asymmetric loading produces tension on inside of longitudinal axis and compression-eccentric force applied to structure, structure bends, creating stress on ONE side and tensile stress on the other
Term
What is torsion?
Definition
twisting effect
Term
What is stress?
Definition
force unit of an area, which force acts- used to describe force distributed within a solid- UNITS: N/m^2
EX: spike
Term
what is deformation?
Definition
effect of stress on material- changes shape
Term
repetitive loading vs acute loading
Definition
repetitive loading- repeated application of subacute load that usually of relatively low magnitude
acute loading- application of a single force of sufficient magnitude to cause injury to a biological tissue
EX: repetitive stress fracture-- kevin ware compound fx
Term
Vectors:
Definition
forces are vectors, physical quantity posses both magnitude and direction
Term
resultant force:
Definition
result of vector addition of 2 or more forces
Term
Net force:
Definition
result vector addition of ALL external forces
Term
colinear force:
Definition
forces that have the same line of action, NOT necessarily in the same direction
Term
scalar quantity:
Definition
time, distance, and mass speed ONLY about magnitude NOT direction
Term
vector composition:
Definition
process of determining a single vector from two or more vectors by vector addition. Composition of vector with the SAME direction requires adding their magnitudes.
Term
A weight lifter (mass = 100 kg) holds a barbell that weighs 50 lbs above his head. The vertical ground reaction force is 1000 N. What is the net force acting on the weight lifter?
Definition
-203.5 N
Term
Non Colinear forces:
Definition
^
l
-----> + l TIP TO TALE METHOD
NON COLINEAR FORCES CANNOT BE ADDED THE SAME WAY AS COLLINEAR FORCES
Term
What is Vector resolution?
Definition
replaces a single vector with 2 perpendicular vectors such that the vector composition of the two perpendicular vectors yields the original vector- vectors may be resolved into perpendicular components the vector composition of each pair of components yield the original vector
Term
air resistance -15N, BW -700N, Friction 220N, Ground reaction force 820 N
What is the resultant force? What angle in which is he running?
Definition
resultant: 237.54
angle: 30.34
Term
A shot leaves a throwers hand at 15 m/s and 42 degrees. How fast is the shot moving horizontally and vertically?
Definition
Term
A baseball is thrown with a horizontal velocity of 18 m/s and a vertical velocity of 5 m/s. What is the resultant velocity (magnitude and direction)?
Definition
Term
an athlete applies 100N force 60 deg above the ground to a 40 N shot, calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force?
/l
/ l
/
Definition
Term
What is position in regards to linear kinematics?
Definition
location of object in space, uses a reference point, meters, vector quantity
Term
What is distance?
Definition
length of path of motion, scalar quantity
EX: distance a skater travels may be measured from the track left on the ice
Term
What is displacement?
Definition
change in position; D= p2-p1
1 value for each dimension
EX: displacement of skater measured in a straight line from start to finish
Term
Speed and linear velocity
Definition
speed= (change) length/ (change) time or p2-p1/t2-t1
both measured in until of length divided by units of time
Term
velocity of swimmer in a river is the vector sum (resultant velocity) of the velocities of (swimmer) and current (velocity)
Definition
slide 13 ch 10
Term
What is the average speed if you run a kilometer at 5 m/s and then walk a kilometer at 1 m/s?
Definition
1.67 m/s average total time
Term
During gait, speed is the product of _____ _____ and ____ ____.
Definition
stride length, and stride frequency
m/stride x strides/sec=m/s
Term
What is Acceleration?
Definition
the rate of change in linear velocity; how velocity changes over time;means to speed up; directional terms are identified in terms of positive or negative;
a= (change) velocity/ (change)time or v2-v1/t2-t1
Term
V1 = 0 m/s V2 = 10 m/s t = 3 s
Definition
Term
V1= 7 m/s V2 = 0 m/s t = 0.7 s
Definition
Term
What is a projectile?
Definition
object in free fall: subject to gravity and air resistance;
projectile position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration can be clearly understood using equations of constant acceleration
Term
Rule 1: Projectile has both vertical and horizontal velocity will ALWAYS be a ________.
Definition
Parabola
Term
Rule 2: Horizontal and vertical components of projectile motions be treated ______.
Definition
independently
Term
Rule 3: gravity causes ________ ________ to decrease during the flight at a rate (acceleration) of -9.81m/s per second.
Definition
vertical velocity
Term
Rule 4: Vertical Apex = ?
Definition
0
Term
Rule 5: Vertical initial (Vi) =
Definition
Vertical final (Vf)
Term
Rule 6: Tup =
Definition
Tdown
Term
Rule 7: horizontal velocity is constant throughout the flight. horizontal acceleration is?
Definition
0 because horizontal velocity doesn't change throughout entire flight this makes it 0 acceleration as the Hi is same as Hf.-HANG TIME
Term
Horizontal motion?
Definition
horizontal displacement or range of projectile is the main index of performance in many cases of projectile motion
dH= VHxt : indicates horizontal displacement depends on horizontal velocity and flight time.
Term
What affects flight time?
Definition
Vertical speed at release, affected by angle of release
height of release
Term
Projection speed
Definition
magnitude of projection velocity
Term
relative projection ht
Definition
difference between projection height and landing height
Term
projection angle
Definition
direction of projection with respect to the horizontal
Term
does increasing the height of release always lead to greater dH? How about increasing speed of release? increasing angle of release always lead to greater dH?
Definition
yes, increases time in air
yes, increases horizontal velocity and time
NO, height of release increases, optimal angle decreases
Term
How far will the shot travel?
Remember: dH = vH × t
Case I
speed of release = 12 m/s
height of release = 0 m
angle of release = 30
Definition
Vvf= 6 m/s
Vvh=10.4 m/s
Tup= 0.6m/s
Tdown= 0.6 m/s
Ttotal=1.22 sec
Vh=1.83
H distance= 12.68
Term
Case II
speed of release = 12 m/s
height of release = 2.1 m
angle of release = 30
Definition
Vvf= 6m/s
Vvh=10.4 m/s
Tup= 0.61m/s
Ttotal=1.22 sec
Vh=3.93
T down= .90
T total= 15.7 sec
H distance= 15.7 m
Term
Brian is attempting to high jump over a crossbar set at 2.13m. At the instant of takeoff, his vertical velocity is 4.0 m/s, and his center of gravity is 1.25 m high.
What is Brian’s vertical acceleration at the instant of takeoff?
How much time elapses from takeoff until Brain reaches his peak height?
Assuming that if Brian’s center of gravity is higher than the bar than he jumped over the bar, was Brian’s jump successful?
Definition
Answers: a) -9.81m/s/s; b) 0.41 sec; c) 2.11 m
Term
If a soccer ball is kicked off of the ground, at 18 m/s, at angle of 15˚ above the ground, how long will that ball be in the air? Also, how far will the ball travel (horizontally) before landing?
Definition
Answers: 0.95 s and 16.5 m
Term
What is an angle?
Definition
Orientation of two lines, two planes, a line and a plane, two segments, etc. in relation to each other
Term
absolute angle
Definition
angular orientation of a segment relative to a fixed line or plane; usually vertical or horizontal
Term
relative angle
Definition
angular orientation of a segment relative to a dynamic object; usually long axes of adjacent body segments
Term
Units of measurement:
degrees & radians
0=arc length/ r
ration of arc length divided by radius of circle
360 degrees:
180 degrees:
1 rad:
Definition
2 pie rad
pie rad
57.3
Term
angular velocity(ω)
Definition
rate of change of angular position or displacement
rad/s, deg/sec, rpm
average (ω) vs instantaneous (ω)
(ω)= change in arc length/ change in time
Term
An athletic trainer examines an athlete’s knee. The athlete can flex her knee from anatomical position to 60 degrees, then return back to anatomical position. She performs this movement ten times. What is the corresponding angular displacement, in degrees and radians?
If the aforementioned range of motion can be performed in 11 seconds, what is the average angular velocity, in degrees/sec and rad/sec, during this time?
Definition
Angular displacement = 0 degrees and rad
Angular distance = 1200 degrees, 20.9 rad
Angular velocity = 0 degrees/sec and rad/sec
Angular speed = 109 degrees/sec, 1.9 rad/sec
Term
angular acceleration α
Definition
rate of change in angular velocity
rad/s/s, deg/s/s
α=change in velocity/ change in time
Term
If a baseball pitcher can accelerate his humerus about the longitudinal axis, from 0 degrees/ sec to 7500 degrees/sec, in 300 milliseconds, what is the corresponding average angular acceleration? Report your answer in degrees/sec/sec and radians/sec/sec.
Definition
Answer: 25,000 degrees/sec/sec and 436.3 radians/sec/sec
Term
A golf club is swung with an average angular acceleration of 2.5 rad/s2. What is the angular velocity of the club when it strikes the ball at the end of a 0.8 s swing? Report your answer in degrees/sec/sec and radians/sec/sec.
Definition
Answer: 114.6 deg/sec and 2 rad/sec
Term
Linear distance (arc length) ℓ
Definition
ℓ = Δθr

ℓ and r must be in the same units
θ must be in radians
Term
Linear velocity
Definition
v = ωr
Don’t forget the most important rule when using these equations: angles must be in radians!!
Term
If a baseball bat rotates 180 degrees about an axis of rotation, how far has the sweet spot traveled, if the distance between the sweet spot and axis of rotation is 50 inches?
Definition
180->rad 3.14->3.14*50 in=157.06 in
Answer: 157 inches
20.94 * 50=1046.67 in/sec
Term
What is the relationship between linear and angular acceleration?
Definition
acceleration of a body in angular motion can be resolved into two perpendicular linear acceleration components
Term
What is tangential acceleration?
Definition
component of acceleration of angular motion direct along a tangent to the path of motion
at=v2-v1/t -- represents change in linear speed
at=rα -- relationship between at and α
Term
what is radial acceleration?
Definition
component of acceleration of angular motion toward the center of curvature
represent change in direction: ar=V2/r
ar=_ω_2_
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