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Exam 1
Exam 1
124
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
02/05/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Claude Bernard
Definition
he said - constancy or stability of out internal enviornment is required for us to exist
Term
Walter Cannon
Definition
He said - described the relative constancy of our internal enviornment as homeostasis
Term
Variable
Definition

Homeostatic control mechanism

-the factor that is being regulated

Term
sensor (receptor)
Definition

Homeostatic control mechanism

-detects changes in the enviornment from a particular set point

Term
integrating center
Definition

Homeostatic control mechanism

-receives information from the sensors and makes a decision about waht needs to be done

Term
effectors
Definition

Homeostatic control mechanism

-make changes according to the information they receive from the integrating center

Term
negative feedback
Definition
a change in a variable leads to responses that move the variable in the direction opposite of the initial change
Term
positive feedback
Definition
a change in a variable leads to responses that move the variable in the same direction of the initial change
Term
examples of positive feedback
Definition

-blood clotting

-contractions of the uterus during childbirth

Term
homeostasis
Definition

-most disease due to disturbance of __

-ability to maintain decreases with age

Term
phospholipid
Definition
consist of a glycerol molecule with 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
Term
phospholipids
Definition
plasma membrane primarly composed of
Term
lipid bilayer
Definition
prevents water-soluble (hydrophilic) substances from moving across the plasma membrane
Term
Phosphate head of lipid bilayer
Definition
polar, hydrophilic, lipophobic
Term
fatty acid chains of lipid bilayer
Definition
nonpolar, hydrophilic, lipophilic
Term
integral proteins
Definition

span the entire width of plasma membrane

-function as transporters, channels, receptors, carriers

Term
peripheral proteins
Definition

partially embedded on either side of plasma membrane

-function as enzymes, structural support, receptors

Term
integral proteins
Definition
provide a way to get hydrophilic molecules through plasma membrane
Term
glycolipids
Definition
carbohydrate + lipid
Term
glycoproteins
Definition
carbohydrate + protein
Term
fluid mosaic model
Definition

there are no bonds b/w the lipids and proteins tht make up the plasma membrane

-not fixed in space so parts can move

Term
cilia
Definition

short cell surface projections with motile properties

increase surface area

Term
microvilli
Definition

very small, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane

 

Term
proteins in cell membrane
Definition

-act as receptors

-provide structural support

-help transport molecules across membrane

Term
cytoplasm
Definition

cellular region b/w organelles and plasma membrane

-includes the cytosol and organelles

Term
cytosol
Definition
contains protein fibers (microfilaments and microtubules) which function as a cytoskeleton
Term
ribosomes
Definition

small granules composed of protein and RNA

-site of protein synthesis (integral proteins)

Term
rough ER
Definition

entensive, enclosed network of membrane with ribosomes on surface

-packages proteins and distributes them to other organelles

Term
smooth ER
Definition

-membrane system composed of tubules with no ribosomes attached

-site of lipid and steroid synthesis

-stores calcium in some cell types

Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition

stack of smooth membrane sacks with associated vesicles

-modifies proteins received from the rough ER and packages them into vesicles

Term
mitochondria
Definition

double membrane structure

-make energy currency = ATP

Term
Inner
Definition
____ membrane of mitochondria has enzymes
Term
lysosomes
Definition
membrane bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
membrane bound sacs which contain enzymes which break down toxic substances = peroxidases
Term
nuclear pores
Definition
join the 2 membranes of the nuclear envelope together
Term
nucleoli
Definition
dense structures which contain genes for forming the RNA assocaited with ribosomes
Term
chromatin
Definition
threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins
Term
nucleus
Definition
responsible for transmitting genetic information and providing instructions for protein synthesis
Term
nucleus
Definition
replication (DNA to DNA) and transcription (DNA to mRNA) take place in
Term
translation
Definition

mRNA to proteins

-mRNA serves as tenplate

tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome

-takes place in cytoplasm

Term
extracellular fluid
Definition
1/3 of water (20% of body mass) is located
Term
inside cells (intracellular fluid)
Definition
2/3 of body water (40% of body mass) located
Term
interstitial (tissue) fluid
Definition
fluid "b/w cells" (80% of ECF)
Term
plasma
Definition
noncellular portion of blood (20% of ECF)
Term
passive transport
Definition

movement of a substance across a membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration

-moves down concentration gradient

-does not require energy in form of ATP

Term
active transport
Definition

-movement of substance across a membrane from lower to higher concentration

-requires ATP

Term
brownian movement - simple diffusion
Definition
molecules in a solution or gas are in constant state of random motion
Term
substances that diffuse across the plasma membrane
Definition

-lipid soluble substances (lipophilic)

-very small polar molecules

Term
rate of diffusion depends on
Definition

-concentration difference across membrane

-temp of the solution

-permeability of membrane

-surface area of membrane

Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition

movement of large, polar substances across plasma membrane by carrier proteins (integral proteins)

-ATP not needed (moved by concentration gradient)

Term
must occur with osmosis
Definition

must be difference in solute concentration across the membrane

-membrane must be selectively permeable to water but not the solute

Term
osmotic pressure
Definition

pressure required to prevent osmosis

indirect measure of solute concentration of a solution

Term
osmolarity (osmolality)
Definition
total solute concentration of a solution
Term
1 molar solution
Definition
1 mole of solute dissolved in enough water to make 1 liter of a solution
Term
1 molal solution
Definition
1 mole of solute dissolved in 1 kg of water
Term
300 mOsm (milliosmoles/L)
Definition
total osmolality of extracellular and intracellular fluid
Term
hypotonic
Definition
solution with a lower osmolality than inside the cell
Term
hypertonic
Definition
describes solution with a higher osmolality than the inside of a cell
Term
Active transport
Definition

requires ATP

requires a carrier molecule

Term
active transport
Definition
moving substance againt its concentration gradient
Term
primary active transport
Definition

-directly utilizes energy released by hydrolysis of ATP

-Ca++ ATPase

-Na+/K+ ATPase

Term
renal tubular cell
Definition
uses 6% ATP in body
Term
somatic NS
Definition
controls movement (skeletal muscles)
Term
Sympathetic NS
Definition
controls cardiac muslce
Term
Parasympathetic NS
Definition
controls smooth muscles
Term
Enteric NS
Definition
controls glands
Term
somatic NS
Definition
motor neurons that stimulate contraction of skeletal muscles
Term
neurons
Definition
electrically excitable cells
Term
glia
Definition
important for structure and support of NS
Term
afferent
Definition
movement from dendrites to cell body
Term
axon hillock
Definition

-high population of integral proteins and voltage-gated sodium channels

-APs propigated here

Term
pseudounipolar neuron
Definition
-function in afferent (sensory) information
Term
bipolar neuron
Definition
neuron in retina
Term
multipolar neurons
Definition

most common type of neuron

-motor neuron (efferent)

Term
interneurons
Definition

found in CNS

connect afferent to efferent neurons

process information (signals)

Term
satellite cells
Definition
surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia in PNS
Term
microglia
Definition
phagocytes that help to get rid of foreign substances in the CNS
Term
astrocytes
Definition

helps to maintain normal external enviornment around neurons

-helps to maintain the blood brain barrier

Term
ependymal cells (glia)
Definition

line cavities of the brain and spinal cord

-make CSF

Term
150 mM
Definition
[K+] ICF
Term
12 mM
Definition
[Na+] ICF
Term
5 mM
Definition
[K+] ECF
Term
145 mM
Definition
[Na+] ECF
Term
chemically gated Channels (ligand-gated)
Definition

-open when a substance binds to a receptor on the channel to allow ion to move down their concentration gradients

-respond to NTs

-esp important in dendrites

-most Na+

Term
voltage-gated channels
Definition
open and close when they detect a change in the membrane potential
Term
voltage-gated channels
Definition

-contained in excitatory cells (neurons and muscles)

-positive feedback

-essential for producing AP

Term
Novicane
Definition
blocks voltage-gated channels
Term
cell body
Definition
location of passive channels in neurons
Term
dendrites
Definition
location of chemically-gated channels in neurons
Term
Axon (greater in Axon hillock)
Definition
location of voltage-gated channels in neurons
Term
Resting state
Definition

phase of AP - ions moving through passive (K+) channels to maintain RMP

-Na+/K+ ATPase maintains concentrations

Term
slow rising phage
Definition

AP phase - stimulus depolarizes the membrane by acting on chemically-gated channels resulting Na+ moving into the neruon

-if threshold reached AP initated

Term
rapid rising phase
Definition

-AP phase - once threshold reached, many more voltage-gated Na+ channels open = depolarization

-continues untill AP peaks

Term
repolarization
Definition

AP phase - Voltage-gated Na+ channels close "inactivation"

-voltage-gated K+ channels open=leads to repolarization

Term
hyperpolarization
Definition
AP phase - voltage-gated K+ channels remain open for a brief period of time after the neuron has reached its RMP
Term
myelin
Definition
prevents the movement of ions across the axon membrane
Term
electrical synapses
Definition

-ions flow from one cell to another

-adjacent cells joined together by gap junctions (connexins) that permit direct passage of ions from one cell to next

Term
gap junctions
Definition
conduct electrical signals bidirectionally
Term

smooth and cardiac muslce

 

Definition
primary location of electrical synapses
Term
chemical synapses
Definition
the electrical signal is changed to chemical signal (NT) which diffuse across extracellular space bw two cells
Term
chemical synapses
Definition
transmission is unidirectional across - from presynaptic to postsynaptic cell
Term
synaptic cleft
Definition
space b/w presynaptic cell and postsynaptic membrane (30-50 nm)
Term
presynaptic mechanisms for chemical transmission
Definition

-1 AP reaches presynaptic terminal

2-depolarization activates voltage-gated Ca++ channels resulting in influx of CA into presynaptic terminal

3-Ca+ triggers fusion of vesicular membrane with axon membrane leading to release of NT into synaptic cleft via exocytosis

Term
skeletal muscles
Definition
location of nicotinic receptors
Term
Autonomic Nervous system
Definition
Consist of 2 neurons (preganglionic/postganglionic fibers) that connect the CNS to the effector cells
Term
peganglionic fiber
Definition

neuron has cell body in CNS and synapses with a second neuron at an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS

-interneurons

Term
postganglionic fiber
Definition

this neuron extends from the autonomic ganglion to the effector cells

-efferent neurons

Term
T1 and L2 (thoracolumbar division)
Definition
preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers leave the apinal cord bw
Term

sympathetic ganglia

 

Definition
In SNS preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers in the
Term
paravertebral ganglia
Definition
two chains of sympathetic ganglia that lie just outside the spinal cord (through cranial nerve)
Term
prevertebral (collateral) ganglia
Definition

3 sympathetic ganglia that lie in the abdominal cavity

-celiac ganglia, superior (and inferior) mesenteric ganglia

Term
preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers
Definition

-synapse with postganglionic nerve fibers at a paravertebral ganglion at the spinal cord where they enter

-branch once reach paravertebral ganglion and synapse with postganglionic symp. nerve fibers located at differnt levels in chain

-pass without interruption though the paravetrebral symp ganglia and synapse with a postganglionic symp nerve fiber at a prevertebral ganglion

Term
postganglionic symp nerve fibers
Definition

-originate in paravetrebral or prevertebral ganglia

-relatively long compared to preganglionic fibers 9except those synapse in prevertebral ganglia)

-innervate effector cells

Term
divergence (SNS)
Definition

single preganglionic fiber branches to synapse with many postganglionic fibers at different levels on symp chain

-acts to amplify signal

Term
convergence (SNS)
Definition
postganglionic neurons can receive input from many preganglonic fivers
Term
ACh
Definition
postganglionic neurons in PSN release
Term
NE (noradrenaline)
Definition
postganglionic neurons in SNS release
Term
adrenergic or catecholaminergic fibers
Definition
nerve fibers that release NE
Term
nicotinic receptors
Definition

-located on sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic nerurons

-NMJ

Term
muscarinic receptors
Definition
-found on effector cells stimulated by parasympathetic postganglionic neruons
Term
adrenergic receptors (NE and E)
Definition

-found on effector cells stimulated by sympathetic postganglionic neurons

-2 types (alpha and beta) 1and2

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