-Catecholamines

-Indolamines

-Norepinephrine

-Epinephrine

-Dopamine

-Glutamate

-Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

-Glycine

-produce chemicals that neurons need to fulfill functions

-Control chemical composition of the fluid surrounding neurons by actively taking up or releasing substances

-Provide nourishment to neurons

-clean debris via phagocytosis

-Subtype of metabotropic receptors

-bind to neuron's own NT molecules

-located presynaptically

-Located beneath the anterior protion of the lateral ventricle

-invovled in control of movement

-Protects the brain by maintaining a barrier to entry of certain substances

-Capillaries tightly lined

-deactivated by reuptake and enzymatic degradation via monoamine oxidase

-All synthesized from tyrosine

-greater concentration outside cell

-force of diffusion in

-electrostatic pressure out

Important for movement, attention, learning,experiencing the euphoric effects of drugs of abuse

-produced both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

-Nigrostratal

-Mesolimbic

-Mesocortical

-pairs of nerves divide as they approach spinal cord

-cell bodies of these neurons grouped outside the spinal cord to from dorsal root ganglia

-contains sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons

Postsynaptic depolarizations

-increase likelihood a neuron will fire

-1) route of administration

2) distribution of drugs within the body - lipid solubility

3) inactivation and extraction

-Blood brain barrier

-Meninges

-Cerebrospinal fluid

Most-common inhibitory NT

-used by 1/3 of synapses in brain

-most comming excitatory NT

-used by 1/2 of synapses in brain

-postsynaptic hyperpolarizations

-decrease likelihood that neuron will fire

-Associated with neurotransmitter-dependent (ligand-gated) ion channels

-Effects are fast but short duration

-Higher concentration inside cell

-Force of diffusion out

-Electrostatic pressure in

-Diffusion

-Electrostatic Pressure

-Differential Permeability to Na+, K+, and Cl-, and proteins

-Na+/K+ pump

-Dura Mater

-Arachnoid membrane

-pia mater

projections from the ventral tegmental area to prefontal cortex

-short-term memory, planning, problem solving

-projections from the ventral tegmental area to amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and limbic areas

-important in reinforcement and drug addiction

-Assocaited with signal proteins and G-proteins

-Effects are slower, longer lasting, more diffuse and varied

-Inflammatory response to damage

-Clean debris via phagocytosis

-Protect brain from invading microorganisms

-most common type of nerve

-contains many dendritesa and one axon

-higher concentration outside cell

-force of diffusion in

-electrostatic pressure in

projections from the substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen

-important in the control of movement

-behavior effects are excitatory:

-results in increased vigilance and attentiveness

-implicated in sexual behavior and control of appetite

Produce myelin sheath to insulate axon in a series of segments

-One __ can provide myelin for many axons

-Controls activites associated with energy conservation

="rest and relax"

Adheres to the surface of the CNS

-Innermost later of meninges

large bulge in brain stem b/w mesencephalon and medulla oblongate

-important for sleep and arousal

Cerebellum

-pons

function in PNS

-support axons

-provide myelin sheath

-synthesized from tryptophan

-important in controlling mood, role in OCD, food intake, and alcoholism

-Controls activites associated with energy expenditure

-"fight or flight"

Ratio b/w the does that produces lethal effects of 50% of animals and desired effects in 50% of animals

-higher the better

-one branch leaves the soma and divides such that one side is dendrites and the other is axon

-detect touch, temperature changes, and other sensory events

-alters NT release of postsynaptic neuron

-presynaptic inhibition

-presynaptic facilitation

-one axon and one dendrite

-primarily found in sensory systems (vision and audition)

12 pairs attached to central surface of the brain

-functions in sensory or motor functions of the head and neck region

binds to ionotropic (Cl-) receptors

-important inhibitory neurotramitter in the lower brain stem and spinal cord

-Cerebral cortex

-Basal ganglia

-Limbic system

-Thalamus

-hypothalamus

-tectum

-Tegmentum

-Mentencephalon

-myelecephalon