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Exam 1
Hanson
119
Biology
Undergraduate 2
09/19/2012

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Term
Evolution
Definition
Change in the allele frequencies of a population over time
Term
Modern Synthesis
Definition
drew together ideas from several branches of biology (variation of traits, heredity, evolution)
Term
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Definition
If allele frequencies aren’t changing (no evolution), HW will accurately predict the allele frequencies & genotypes of a population from one gene to the next. [must have, mutations, non-random mating, natural selection, genetic drift, genetic flow]
Term
uniformitarianism
Definition
mechanisms of geologic change are constant over time, the same mechanisms that existed long ago exist today
Term
adaptation
Definition
inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival & reproduction in specific environments
Term
descent with modification
Definition
the mechanism of “Natural Selection,” a process by which individuals that have certain inherited traits ten to survive & reproduce @ higher rates than other individuals because of those traits
Term
variation
Definition
exists among individuals in a group, not all individuals are the same
Term
differential reproduction
Definition
not all will survive to reproduce- some variations give individuals a high probability of reproduction
Term
heredity
Definition
Those traits that allowed some to survive will be passed down
Term
non-random mating
Definition
individuals mate more with close neighbors, inbreeding, sexual selelction(type of natural selection) leads to sexual dimorphism, many secondary sexual features don’t seem to be adaptive.
Term
mutation
Definition
random change in DNA- result from cellular errors or damage, rare, most often harmful, sournce of new genetic variation
Term
genetic drift
Definition
random change in allele frequencies
Term
gene flow
Definition
gain or loss of alleles due to migration of fertile individuals between populations
Term
homology
Definition
characteristics of the same origin, common ancestor
Term
morphology
Definition
look, form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures.
Term
endemic species
Definition
Only found in one place
Term
vestigial structures
Definition
remnants of features that served important functions in the organisms ancestor
Term
macroevolution
Definition
change above the species level, series of micro-evolutionary events
Term
sexual selection
Definition
preferential mating with individuals with certain traits
Term
selective pressure
Definition
change over time, different pressures that favor different traits
Term
directional selection
Definition
favor a trait
Term
disruptive selection
Definition
extremes are favored> leads to speciation
Term
stabilizing selection
Definition
strengthen an already evident favor
Term
biological species concept
Definition
a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature & produce viable fertile offspring (requires reproductive isolation)
Term
reproductive isolation
Definition
impediments to mating or fertilization, or survival
Term
prezygotic barriers
Definition
prevent mating or fertilization [habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation]
Term
postzygotic barriers
Definition
hybrid zygote> cant survive or reproduce [reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown]
Term
habitat isolation
Definition
far from each other, planes vs mountains, can’t be a species
Term
temporal isolation
Definition
mate at different times of the year
Term
behavioral isolation
Definition
court differently
Term
mechanical isolation
Definition
can’t seal the deal, parts don’t match up
Term
gametic isolation
Definition
proteins won’t fuse
Term
allopatric speciation
Definition
geographic barriers isolate populations, different lands
Term
sympatric speciation
Definition
intrinsic factors alter gene flow, living in same land, chromosome changes in plants/ non-random mating in animals
Term
polyploidy
Definition
chromosome duplications, diploid parent produces a diploid and haploid offspring
Term
taxonomy
Definition
naming/ classifying
Term
taxon
Definition
one group/unit
Term
systematics
Definition
practice of classifying organisms & studying relationships
Term
phylogeny
Definition
evolutionary history of a group
Term
phylogenetic tree
Definition
depicts hypotheses about evolutionary history
Term
common ancestor
Definition
where the tree starts
Term
clade
Definition
monophyletic group consisting of an ancestral species and ALL their descents
Term
monophyletic group
Definition
clade, common ancestor and ALL their descents
Term
maximum parsimony
Definition
requiring fewest evolutionary changes, simplest explanation
Term
shared ancestral character
Definition
originated in an ancestor, maybe shared with other clades
Term
shared derived character
Definition
unique to a particular clade
Term
divergent evolution
Definition
become increasing different over time, homologous structures (whale, human)
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
become increasing similar over time, common traits from environment not ancestors, analogous structures
Term
analogous
Definition
look similar but didn’t evolve from a common ancestor
Term
homologous
Definition
similar because of common ancestor
Term
molecular clock
Definition
over time more mutations occur
Term
LUCA
Definition
last universal common ancestors
Term
abiotic synthesis
Definition
non-living synthesis of small organic molecules
Term
macromolecules
Definition
the joining of small molecules into proteins and such
Term
protocell
Definition
fluid-filled vesicles with a membrane like structure
Term
ribozyme
Definition
genetic material with catalytic ability> solution to DNA need proteins to form & proteins need DNA to form
Term
RNA World Hypothesis
Definition
Protocells carried RNA able to store genetic info AND self replicate
Term
prokaryote
Definition
no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, single celled organism
Term
capsule
Definition
slimy coating, polysaccharide or protein
Term
fimbriae
Definition
Hair like structures
Term
cell wall
Definition
Rigid
Term
taxis
Definition
half of prokaryotes are capable of directional movement (flagella)
Term
binary fission
Definition
make identical copies, short generation time, rapid reprod in favorable environ
Term
horizontal gene transfer
Definition
Share genetic information w/o mating
Term
bacterial conjugation
Definition
use plasmid, small piece of DNA outside of actual chromosome
Term
transduction
Definition
virus does all the work, replicating
Term
phototroph
Definition
energy from light
Term
chemotroph
Definition
energy from chemicals
Term
autotroph
Definition
require inorganic carbon source (CO2)
Term
heterotroph
Definition
require organic carbon sources (glucose)
Term
chemoheterotroph
Definition
energy from chemicals and organic carbon sources (glucose)
Term
chemoautotroph
Definition
don’t need light or organic molecules (found near deep sea vents)
Term
photoheterotroph
Definition
need organic carbon sources and light
Term
photoautotroph
Definition
use light for energy AND make organic carbon
Term
producer
Definition
make organic molecules
Term
oxygen revolution
Definition
filled oceans with O2, formed ozone layer, enabled life on Earth
Term
oxygen catastrophe
Definition
O2 is toxis and mass extinction of many species, only resistant survival
Term
radiometric dating
Definition
absolute ages found, a parent isotope decays into a daughter isotope at a constant rate
Term
sedimentary strata
Definition
reveal the “relative” ages of fossils
Term
half- life
Definition
the time required for half the parent isotope to decay (become daughter)
Term
plate tectonics
Definition
cause continental drift
Term
continental drift
Definition
plates float on mantle- inner Earth’s heat causes the movement
Term
Pangea
Definition
250 mil yr ago
Term
Laurasia
Definition
200 mya Gondwanaland
Term
Gondwanaland
Definition
200 mya
Term
extinction
Definition
can come from competition & the appearance of new traits
Term
adaptive radiation
Definition
the rapid evolution of many new species that fill various roles in the environment
Term
punctuated equilibrium
Definition
change happens rapidly by interrupting long periods of no change
Term
Gradualism
Definition
lots of intermediate forms over a long period of time
Term
Bacteria
Definition
include the vast majority of the prokaryotes we know, peptidoglycan in cell wall, flagella grows by adding subunits to tip
Term
Archaea
Definition
cell walls LACK peptigoglyan, flagella add subunits to the base
Term
Eukarya
Definition
have nucleus, mem bound organelles, endosymbiotic orgin
Term
serial endosymbiosis
Definition
chloroplast evolution, photosynthetic prokaryote>plasid
Term
secondary endosymbiosis
Definition
unicellular organism engulfs another cell becomes organelle with in host cell
Term
Protist
Definition
everything not animals, fungi, land plants
Term
pseudopod
Definition
fake foot, extension
Term
asexual reproduction
Definition
binary fission, multiple fission, budding, formation of spores
Term
alternation of generations
Definition
both sexual and asexual stages, alternate between haploid and diploid forms
Term
gametophyte
Definition
haploid, produces haploid gametes (n)
Term
sporophyte
Definition
diploid, produces haploid spores (n)
Term
mixotroph
Definition
photoautotroph and chemoautotroph can use light and organic materials to make carbon
Term
Excavata
Definition
cytoskeleton, feeding grove, highly modified mitochondria, 1 or more flagella, based on molecular data not morphological, human parasite
Term
Chromalveolata
Definition
monophyletic, secondary endiosymbiosis event- red alga (Eukaryote) some parasitic, some extremely important to ecosystems, brown algae, dinoflagellate, diatoms
Term
Rhizaria
Definition
monoplyletic clade, morphologically diverse, thread-like pseudopod, cercozan and radiolarians
Term
Archaeplastida
Definition
cyanobacterial endosymbiant, photoautotrophs
Term
Unikonta
Definition
have 2 clades (amoebozoans & opistnokonts) fungie and animals, plasmodial slime mold
Term
What is evolution and what causes it
Definition
The use and disuse and inheritance of acquired traits.
Term
What is the evidence for evolution
Definition
Contemporary, bacteria(MRSA), Homology of characteristics with the same orign, ontogemy-development, Fossil record, Biogeography
Term
How does natural selection happen and how does it lead to evolution
Definition
individuals with certain inherited traits will reproduce more, changes allele frequencies
Term
How is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium used in the study of evolution
Definition
if the alleles aren’t changing there is no evolution occuring
Term
How does speciation happen
Definition
Microevolution(mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, natural selection)
Term
How does maximum parsimony contribute to cladistics and phylogenetic trees
Definition
requires the fewest evolutionary changes
Term
What steps were necessary for the first life to form on Earth
Definition
abiotic synthesis, macromolecules, protocells, self replication
Term
What is the fossil record and what does it tell us about history
Definition
provide a record of life long ago
Term
What is the role of plate tectonics and continental drift in evolutionary history
Definition
cont drift changes geography, affects climate, changes oceans, causes allopatric speciation & potentially extinction, is responsible for an odd distribution of fossils
Term
What is the role of climate change in evolutionary history
Definition
drier/ colder climates inland, volcanoes make greenhouse gases, earth’s orbit, tilt & wobble & solar output (sun amount of heat)
Term
What is the role of endosymbiosis in protist evolution
Definition
Chromavelta have a multimembranced plastid
Term
What is the role of chance in evolution
Definition
variations arise randomly independent of the actual affect they have on organisms. the affect is what keeps them around or not
Term
How has evolution contributed to humans’ cultural ascent
Definition
new inheritance, we pass on more than physical characteristics but also the collective endowment of generations, what we have learned once we don’t have to learn again
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