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Exam 1
Terms
157
History
Undergraduate 3
09/23/2012

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Term
Beringia
Definition
a 100 mile wide land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska in which the first Americans reached America
Term
Teotihuacan
Definition
major center for second Mesoamerican civilization in Mexico, before its decline by Aztecs
Term
Aztecs
Definition
-inhabiting Mexico during 1300s
-strong military with complex society
Term
Cahokia
Definition
largest city for Mississippian Civilization, w more than 100 temple mounds
Term
mercantilism
Definition
government control of foreign trade ensures prosperity and military security for the state; dominated Europe during 16th-18th centuries; used navigation acts and dominion of New england on Americas
Term
kiva
Definition
room used for modern religious rituals
Term
Hernan Cortes
Definition
captured Aztec empire and destroyed its civilization
Term
predestination
Definition
God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born and condemns the rest to eternal damnation
Term
Mayas
Definition
first major Mesoamerican civilization from 700 BC until decline in 800 AD
Term
clans
Definition
groups of families that traced their lineage to a real or legendary common ancestor; native ppls east of Miss. R.
Term
pueblo peoples
Definition
people inhabiting Nuevo Mexico until overtook by Franciscan friars
Term
matrilineal
Definition
system of kinship and inheritance developed among some Eastern Indian peoples
Term
Shaman
Definition
a priest who uses magic to cure the sick, divine the hidden, and control events
Term
Columbian Exchange
Definition
transfer in 16th c. of agricultural products and diseases to and from Western Hemisphere and other continents
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
Luther believed humans were innately depraved, downplayed role of clergy in religion, Bible as ultimate authority in faith
Term
Protestant Reformation
Definition
people who objected to the doctrines, rituals, and ecclesiastical nature of Roman Catholic Church and develops Protestant Church
Term
Aztecs
Definition
Mesoamerican people that settled Mexico in 1300s
Term
Hopewell
Definition
Indians inhabiting Present Day Ohio
Term
Mississippian Civilization
Definition
Indians inhabiting Mississippi River Valley, Cahokia
Term
Peasants
Definition
These were most Europeans in 1450, living in small, compact agricultural villages surrounded by open fields
Term
Iroquois
Definition
eastern Woodland indians of present day New York
Term
Conquistadores
Definition
hardened veterans of the Reconquista to invade the mainland
Term
John Calvin
Definition
in Switzerland, establishes a rigorous Protestant regime; preached predestination
Term
Renaissance
Definition
affecting mainly upper class, countries of Northern Europe experienced a rebirth of cultural life, scientific progress, and economic energy
Term
Powhatan
Definition
tried to arrange a marriage between daughter Pocahontas and settler but plan fails
Term
New France
Definition
settlers in the NE close to Canada who primarily engaged in fur trading
Term
Joint-Stock Companies
Definition
devised by English merchants around 1550, investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to total investment
Term
Calvinism
Definition
named for John Calvin, a man's salvation depends on absolute sovereignty of God
Term
Roger Williams
Definition
believed in separation of Church and state, involved in the founding of Rhode Island
Term
Freeholders
Definition
plantations in Chesapeake owned and farmed by families or male partners
Term
Great Migration
Definition
migration in 1620-40 of primarily Puritans to Massachusetts and the West Indies
Term
King Philip's War
Definition
war in 1675-6 between Indians and settlers in RI and Massachusetts
Term
William Penn
Definition
designed Pennsylvania as a refuge for his fellow Quakers
Term
Religious syncretism
Definition
blending of two or more religious belief systems into one new system as seen with the pueblos and Spaniards
Term
New England
Definition
settlers were pious Protestants, and settlers included men, women and children opposed to other colonies
Term
Indentured Servant
Definition
contracts for labor in America and then will receive land at end of contract
Term
Puritans and Puritanism
Definition
devout Christians wanted to preserve "pure" church
Term
Anne Hutchinson
Definition
believed only reached salvation through "covenant of God"; followed Roger Williams
Term
Town Meeting
Definition
the main institution of local government in New England
Term
Halfway covenant
Definition
a form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662
Term
Jesuits in New France
Definition
Catholic religious order founded to combat the Protestant Reformation; understand and respect Indians' values
Term
Pueblo Revolt
Definition
sought to restore the traditional way of life from Franciscans
Term
New Spain
Definition
colonized Florida and Nuevo Mexico and sought to convert the Indians to Christianity
Term
New Netherland
Definition
settled in NE America and engaged in commerce
Term
Chesapeake Region
Definition
created tobacco-growing economy based on indentured servants and slaves
Term
John Winthrop
Definition
first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, leading departure of puritans
Term
Bacon's Rebellion
Definition
a rebellion that led to reforms curbing the powers of the governor and council and restoring voting rights to landless freemen
Term
Pequot War
Definition
war between 1634-38 between Pequot and New England in which the tribe was wiped out
Term
Salem Witchcraft Trials
Definition
accusations of witchcraft by Puritans
Term
Quakers
Definition
settlers that believed in peace and settled Pennsylvania
Term
John Smith
Definition
captain within Jamestown Settlement that was killed by Opechancanough
Term
Manorial system
Definition
established in the Carolinas as a mass of serfs governed by a handful of powerful nobles
Term
Sugar
Definition
main crop in South Atlantic System turning West Indies in slave based system
Term
Gullah
Definition
dialect of South Carolina combining words from English and a variety of African languages in an African grammatical structure
Term
Triangular trade
Definition
slaves to Americas, sugar to New England, rum and goods to Africa
Term
Sir Edmund Andros
Definition
governor of Dominion of New England (CT, RI, Plymouth, MA, NY, NJ); alienated American settlers
Term
Patriarchy
Definition
social system in which male acts as primary authority figure
Term
salutary neglect
Definition
relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs assisting in rise of self-government in NA
Term
Atlantic Slave trade
Definition
trade from Africa to Americas of slaves
Term
Radical Whigs
Definition
faction that protested political corruptions, growing cost of empire and influence on government of wealthy class
Term
Indigo and Rice
Definition
increased these amount of exports to pay for British manufactures
Term
Leisler's Rebellion
Definition
led rebellion against Dominion of New England and then headed government until he was indicted for treason
Term
William Byrd
Definition
Virginia slave owner
Term
Glorious Revolution
Definition
bishops and Whigs forced James II into exile in 1689 and enthroned his Protestant daughter Mary and Dutch protestant husband William of Orange
Term
Middle Passage
Definition
slaves in overcrowded ships; abt 14% died during this passage
Term
Bills of Exchange
Definition
the credit West Indian planters received from London merchants in return of sugar sent to England
Term
Stono Rebellion
Definition
largest slave rebellion before Revolution in South Carolina
Term
Benjamin Franklin
Definition
educated person who promoted rational, scientific view of the world
Term
William Bartram
Definition
an American naturalist, traveled through North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida
Term
George Whitefield
Definition
English minister who transformed local revivals of Pietism into Great Awakening
Term
French and Indian War
Definition
British against the French and Indians for land acquisition; resulting in Britain being the primary superpower
Term
Fur Trade
Definition
French were expanding due to trade with Indians in Canada and New France
Term
"The Way to Wealth"
Definition
a collection of Poor Richard's advice on getting ahead in business and public life
Term
Anglican Church
Definition
followed Church of England and condemned religious diversity; religious pluralism threatened the tax-supported status of the Anglican church
Term
The Enlightenment
Definition
between 1720s-60s, emphasized the power of human reason to understand and shape the world
Term
Great Awakening
Definition
the combination of local revivals of religion from Edwards and Tennents
Term
Gilbert Tennent
Definition
led revivals among Scots-Irish Presbyterians throughout the Middle Atlantic region
Term
midwifery
Definition
a person that assisted with birth of the females within New England society
Term
Deism
Definition
believed that a Supreme being created the world, then allowed it to operate by natural laws
Term
Jonathan Edwards
Definition
restored religious zeal to churches in Connecticut River Valley
Term
Baptists
Definition
radical Protestants whose central ritual was Adult baptism; prominent in Virginia; religious pluralism threatened the tax-supported status of the Anglican church
Term
Battle of Quebec
Definition
battle between American and British forces; 1st major loss for Americans at beginning of Revolution
Term
1763
Definition
-ending of French and Indian War
-parliament quickly replaced salutary neglect with imperial administration (focused on regulation and taxation)
Term
Sugar Act of 1764
Definition
Parliament charged 3 pence per gallon on French molasses; merchants claiming that this would wipe out French trade and ruin distilling industry
Term
Virtual Representation
Definition
"No taxation without representation"; colonists argued that they could not be taxed if they were not there for consent
Term
Townshend duties
Definition
Charles Townshend laid import duties at American ports on paper, lead, glass, and tea shipped from England in 1767
Term
Patrick Henry
Definition
member of House of Burgesses; condemned Grenville's legislation and called for a new republican revolution
Term
Committees of Correspondence
Definition
shadow governments organized by Patriot leaders of 13 colonies on the eve of American Revolution; they shared their responses to Britain and plans; by Sam Adams and other radical patriots
Term
George III
Definition
instrumental in expanding British fiscal-military state to America; replaced salutary neglect w imperial administration
Term
George Grenville
Definition
prime minister in 1763; decided new revenue would have to come from America; passed Currency Act of 1764, Sugar Act of 1764
Term
Stamp Act
Definition
1765, act requires tax stamp on all court documents, land titles, contracts, newspapers, and other printed items
Term
Non-importation
Definition
movement by Puritan New England in which they boycotted British goods; promoted domestic manufacture of cloth and other necessities
Term
Samuel Adams
Definition
radical Patriots warned Americans of imperial domination; persuaded the towns in MA to set up committees of correspondence
Term
Thomas Hutchinson
Definition
American-born royal governor of MA that rejected the idea that the colonies were now "distinct and separate states"
Term
Continental Congress
Definition
Patriot leaders convened a new continent-wide body; passed a Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which demanded repeal of Coercive Acts and repudiated the Declaratory Act; threatened to virtually cut off all colonial exports to Britain
Term
taxes
Definition
1764 Sugar Act
1765 Stamp and Quartering Act
1767 Townshend Act
1773 Tea Act
1774 Coercive Acts; Quebec Act
Term
vice-admirality courts
Definition
jury-less courts located in British colonies that were granted jurisdiction over local legal matters
Term
sons of liberty
Definition
made up of American patriots; group formed to protect rights of colonies from usurpations of Britain after 1766; responsible for Boston Tea Party
Term
homespun
Definition
American women made cloths at home in response to the boycott of Britain goods
Term
Boston Massacre
Definition
set off by friction between residents and off-duty British soldiers in which five men were killed; radical whigs used press w accusations that the killings were planned
Term
Boston Tea Party
Definition
in response to the Tea Act, sons of Liberty boarded the Dartmouth as Indians and threw cases of tea into the harbor
Term
Lexington and Concord
Definition
after MA was deemed to be in open rebellion, militiamen confronted soldiers first at Lexington and then Concord after being warned by Revere and other riders; bloody conflict
Term
Lord Dunmore
Definition
royal governor of VA that was forced to take refuge on British warship; organized two military forces of white loyalists and blacks who fled Patriot owners; promised freedom to those who joined loyalist cause
Term
Common Sense
Definition
published in January 1776 by Thomas Paine, a rousing call for independence and a republican form of government
Term
Militia
Definition
Patriot leaders organized these units and recruited volunteers for the Continental Army; military service created political commitment
Term
Marquis de Lafayette
Definition
a republican minded, European aristocrat, convinced France to finally send troops to America's mainland where they challenged British for NY
Term
Robert Morris
Definition
the government's chief treasury official; had to secure loans from France, Holland, firms, and other individuals to prevent a downfall of the rebellion due to financial crisis
Term
Joseph Brant
Definition
Mohawk chief Thayendanegea, a devout member of the Church of England; translated Bible into Iroquois language; persuaded 4 of 6 Iroquois nations to support Britain in war
Term
Loyalists
Definition
-people that were loyal to the Church of England and were against revolution
Term
Republicanism
Definition
-the principle of popular sovereignty; government's powers come from the consent of the governed
Term
Continental Army
Definition
after attacks in May 1775, John Adams exhorted the Congress to form this army; led by G. Washington
Term
Continental Currency
Definition
testifying to their independent status, new state governments printed their own currencies, rejecting pounds and shillings
Term
French Alliance
Definition
Americans allied with the French even though they had been enemies; France wanted to avenge loss of Canada and obtain lands in the West Indies while America wanted independence; both agreed
Term
Peace of Paris
Definition
Great Britain recognized American independence and relinquished lands south of Great Lakes and east of M. River; fishing rights off Newfoundland and Nova Scotia; prohibited British from carrying away any negroes or other property; Americans agreed to return confiscated property and make Loyalists citizens
Term
Declaration of Independence
Definition
main author Jefferson, linking doctrines of individual liberty, popular sovereignty, and republican government w American independence
Term
George Washington
Definition
-leader of Continental Army, elected to be first President
Term
Battle of Saratoga
Definition
supposed to be three pronged attack by British at Albany; Burgoyne surrendered and Patriots capture more than 5000 British troops and ensured the diplomatic success of American representatives in Paris, who won military alliance w France
Term
War of Attrition
Definition
a military strategy in which a belligerent side attempts to win a war by wearing down its enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses of personnel and material
Term
Battle of Yorktown
Definition
Cornwallis thought he was able to exploit social divisions; but got surrounded by Washington's troops coming from Virginia and the French fleet surrounding them by the water, preventing retreat; British gave up active prosecution of war
Term
gang labor system
Definition
masters with 20 or more slaves organized disciplined teams or "gangs," supervised by black drivers and white overseers
Term
Oregon Trail
Definition
trail across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains to Oregon; by 1860, 250,000 Americans had braved the Trail with 65.000 for Oregon and the rest for California
Term
Mexican War
Definition
conflict between the US and Mexican armies from 1846-48 in the wake of the annexation of Texas in 1845; gained Cali and NM for 15 million and Mexico has Rio Grande as its border
Term
Wilmot Proviso
Definition
David Wilmot, antislavery Democratic congressman, proposed that slavery be prohibited in any territories gained from the war
Term
Stephen Douglas
Definition
Democratic Senator of Illinois; popular sovereignty plan: placed ultimate power in the hands of the people; helped to pass Compromise of 1850; opened up Great Plains for whites and transcontinental railroad for KN-NE Act
Term
Fugitive Slave Act
Definition
part of Compromise of 1850; all runaway slaves were, upon captured, to be returned to their masters
Term
Abraham Lincoln
Definition
gives "House Divided" speech in response to Dred Scot decision; issued Emancipation Proclamation; President in 1860
Term
Election of 1856
Definition
Democratic: Buchanan wins Northern candidate w Southern principles, former Whig Pres, Fillmore and northerners endorsed Fremont; Buchanan wins and Republicans replace Whigs as second major party
Term
Texas
Definition
in 1836 they declared their independence from Mexico and adopted a constitution legalizing slavery; President Santa Anna wiped out forces at Alamo; and journalists blew it up causing forces to defend Texas and Mexico not recognizing its Independence
Term
"Manifest Destiny"
Definition
during 1840s, many citizens embraced an ideology of conquest that proclaimed their God-given duty to extend American republicanism and capitalism to the Pacific Ocean
Term
Election of 1844
Definition
Demo Martin Van Buren, Whig Henry Clay, proslavery John Tyler, Demo Polk candidates; expansion into Texas and Oregon became central issue; Polk winning when other parties cost Clay the presidency
Term
James Polk
Definition
instrumental in getting Texas as a state; expansionist program initiating the Mexican War; President in 1844
Term
Whigs
Definition
opposed new slave states and slave owning Democrats control of federal gov't; did not seek anymore land from the Mexican republic: "No Territory"
Term
"Free Soil"
Definition
abandoned the Liberty Party's emphasis on the sinfulness of slavery and the natural rights of African Americans; it depicted slavery as a threat to republicanism and the Jeffersonian ideal of a freeholder society; new party during 1848 election
Term
Gold Rush
Definition
discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill by John Sutter in 1848; 100s of thousands of people flee to California by 1850; many were unsuccessful, but pop exploded and became a state; 49ers
Term
"Popular Sovereignty"
Definition
Illinois senator Douglass's alternative to California state hood; placed ultimate power in the hands of the people
Term
Compromise of 1850
Definition
-CA admitted as free state
-Territories of Utah and NM are organized; allowed to permit slavery or not
-Texas gives up land to West and is compensated
-Fugitive Slave Act
-slave trade is banned in D of Col but slavery itself is allowed to continue
Term
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Definition
created territories of Kansas and Nebraska; repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820; allowed popular sovereignty with those settlers; designed by Douglas; initial purpose was for transcontinental railroad
Term
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Definition
novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe boosted opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act and to slavery; evoked empathy toward internal slave trade
Term
Republican Party
Definition
founded during KN-NE Act while Whig party died; many were formerly Democrats that felt slavery needs to be done on moral grounds, there were others like Lincoln who felt it should continue but not expand, many, Protestants, were willing to advocate reform, "Free Soil" Party largely formed into Republican party
Term
Know-Nothing Party
Definition
or American party; wanted to unite Native-born Protestans agains the alien menace of Irish and German Catholics, prohibit further immigration, and institute literacy tests for voting; in 1854 many of them were elected to office in HofR
Term
John Brown
Definition
his men attacked pro-slavery settlement in Kansas, and hacked men in front of their wives; adding on to the blood in Kansas in 1856
Term
"Slave Power"
Definition
denounce political power of slaveholding class in South; argument was a small group of white rich men were taking control of national government to use it to protect and expand slavery; motivated by perceived threats to whites rather than the hatred of slavery
Term
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Definition
Scott sued for freedom after owner died; Chief Justice Taney says Scott is not a citizen, being a resident in MO did not make him free and overturned decision, threatening popular sovereignty; quoted Declaration and claims only white men apply; emboldens pro-slavery and sparks terror in abolitionists
Term
Secession
Definition
eleven states seceded and formed CSA after Lincoln was elected; Lincoln declared it illegal but could not use force
Term
"Fire Eaters"
Definition
repudiated the Union and actively promoted secession
Term
CSA
Definition
adopting a provisional constitution; Jefferson Davis, a former U.S. senator and secretary of war, was President; Alexander Stephens as VP
Term
Jefferson Davis
Definition
president of CSA; wanted "sacred right of self-government"
Term
Battle of Bull Run
Definition
McDowell launched attack at Bull Run hoping to end early Southerner rebellion; McDowell was replaced by McClelan
Term
Robert E. Lee
Definition
offered lead of North army, but took over South VA confederacy; had ambiguous views of slavery; was able to out battle McClellan at Antietam even though outnumbered
Term
Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson
Definition
great military mind, Calvinist, believed in fate, able to get across country; fought against McClellan and helped beat him at Antietam
Term
Battle of Antietam
Definition
Confederate forces outnumbered, but Lee fought off McClellan and Jackson saved Confederate troops; Union forces won but very bloody and deathly battle
Term
Ulysses S. Grant
Definition
most successful Union commander; seized Fort Henry etc.; relentless general
Term
Total War
Definition
governments mobilized the entire resources of their societies and decreed that the lives and property of enemy civilians were legitimate objects of attack
Term
Homestead Act of 1862
Definition
too boost agricultural output, Union offered "free land" to farmers; gave settlers the title to 160 acres of public land after five years of residence
Term
Emancipation Proclamation
Definition
in 1862, 5 days after Antietam, Lincoln abolished slavery in states not part of Union
Term
Battle of Gettysburg
Definition
Lee moving deep in Union; Meade: Union commander recently appointed and had to stop Lee; Day 1 goes Lee's way but 2 and 3 goes to Union due to Little Big Hill and Pickett's Charge; Grant assumes command after Lee has not died
Term
William T. Sherman
Definition
thought secession mvt was madness; leads troops in GA from Atl to Savannah destroying everything in his path
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