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Exam 1
BioChem and Cells
100
Science
Undergraduate 2
09/18/2012

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Term
Biology
Definition
the study of living organisms and their environments
Term
Atoms
Definition
join together to form molecules
Term
Cell
Definition
the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. Either single or multicellular.
Term
Tissue
Definition
a group of similar cells that perform a particular function.
Term
Organ
Definition
several types of tissues make up an organ
Term
Organ systems
Definition
A group of organs performing a certain job.
Term
Organisms
Definition
collection of organ systems. (I.E. humans, trees, animals)
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
plants, algae, and some bacteria are able to harvest the energy of the sun and convert it to chemical energy by a process called photosynthesis
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
the ability of a cell or an organism to maintain an internal environment that operates under specific conditions.
Term
Atom
Definition
the smallest unit of an element that still retain the chemical and physical properties of the element.
Term
Protons and Neutrons
Definition
found inside the nucleus; give the nucleus a charge; electrons orbit the outside of the nucleus in orbitals
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
function for quick and short-term energy storage in all organisms including humans.
Term
Lipids
Definition
contain more energy per gram than other biological molecules; therefore, fats in animals and oils in plants function well as energy-storage molecules
Term
Fats and Oils
Definition
Fats: usually from animal origin and are solid at room temperature
Oils: usually of plant origin and are liquid at room temperature
Term
Saturated and Unsaturated Acids
Definition
Sat.: no double bonds between the carbon atoms
Unsat.: have double bonds in the carbon chain wherever the number of hydrogens is less than two per carbon.
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
have a phsosphate group; They are constructed like fats, except that in place of the third fatty acid, there is a phosphate group or a grouping that contains both phosphate nitrogen.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
enzymes bring reactants together and thereby speed chemical reactions in cells. They are specific for one particular type of reaction and only function at body temperature.
Term
Proteins
Definition
are macromolecules with amino acid subunits. The central carbon atom in an amino acid bonds to a hydrogen atom and also to three other groups of atoms.
Term
Denaturation
Definition
When proteins are exposed to extremes in heat and pH, they undergo an irreversible change in shape.
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
a molecular complex of three types of subunit molecules- phosphate (phosphoric acid), a pentose (5-carbon) sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base.
Term
There are four different types of bases in DNA: adenine (A), thymine (T), Guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
Definition
Term
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Definition
when adenosine is modified by the addition of three phosphate groups instead of one, it becomes ATP, which is an energy carrier in cells.
Term
ADP (adenosine diphospate)
Definition
Usually in cells, the last phosphate bond is hydrolyzed, leaving the molecule (ADP) and a molecule of inorganic phosphate.
Term
Cell Theory
Definition
the basic unit of life; all living things are made of cells; new cells arise from pre-existing cells
Term
Compound Light Microscope
Definition
uses a set of glass lenses and light rays passing through the object to magnify the objects.
Term
Transmission Electron Microscope
Definition
makes use of a stream of electrons to produce magnified images
Term
Scanning Electron Microscope
Definition
provides a three-dimensional view of the surface of an object.
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
an outer membrane that regulates what enters and exits a cell. the plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
a semi fluid medium that contains water and various types of molecules suspended or dissolved in the medium.
Term
Organelles
Definition
any well defined subcellular structure.
Term
Nucleus
Definition
a membrane enclosed structure in which DNA is found.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
the random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, until they are equally distributed. Diffusion is a passive way for molecules to enter or exit a cell.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
the net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Term
Tonicity
Definition
refers to the osmotic characteristics of a solution across a particular membrane, such as a red blood cell membrane.
Term
Isotonic
Definition
cells stay at there normal state
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
Solutions that cause cells to swell or even burst due to an intake of water
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
solutions that cause cells to shrink or shrivel due to loss of water
Term
Facilitated Transport
Definition
a molecule is transported across the plasma membrane from the side of higher concentration to the side of lower concentration
Term
Active Transport
Definition
a molecule is moving from a lower to higher concentration. One example is the concentration of iodine ions in the cells of the thyroid gland.
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
a portion of the plasma membrane invaginates, or forms a pouch, to envelop a substance of fluid.
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
some white blood cells are able to take up pathogens (disease causing agents) by endocytosis.
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs.
Term
Chromatin
Definition
the combination of DNA molecules and proteins that make up the chromosomes. Chromatin can could tightly to form visible chromosomes during meiosis and mitosis.
Term
Nucleoplasm
Definition
Chromatin is immersed in a semifluid medium.
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
ribosomal RNA is produced. also where rRNA joins with protiens to form the subunits of ribosomes.
Term
Nuclear Envelope
Definition
nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
a membranous system of saccules and channels discussed in the next section.
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
organelles composed of protiens and RNA
Term
Endomembrane System
Definition
consists of the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles.
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
consists of a stack of slightly curved saccules, whose appearance can be compared to a stack of pancakes.
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
membranous sacs produced by the Golgi Apparatus, contain hydrolytic enzymes.
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
helps maintain the cells shape and either anchors the organelles or assists their movement.
Term
Microtubules
Definition
actin filaments; contains rows of protein called tubulins.
Term
Centrosome
Definition
the regulation of microtubule assembly is under the control of a microtubule organizing center
Term
Actin Filaments
Definition
made of a protein called actin, are long, extremely thin fibers that usually occur in bundles and other groupings.
Term
Intermediate filaments
Definition
in the middle size wise of microtubules and actin filaments.
Term
Cilia and Flagella
Definition
helps the cells move or allow objects to move past them.
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
powerhouses of the cell; convert the chemical energy of glucose products into chemical energy of ATP molecules
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
sugar splitting; occurs in cytoplasm (a 6-carbon sugar split into two 3-carbon sugars.
Term
Compact Bone
Definition
makes up the shaft of a long bone
Term
Spongy Bone
Definition
appears as an open, bony lattice work with numerous bony bars and plates.
Term
Muscular (contractile) tissue
Definition
composed of cells called muscle fibers.
Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition
also called voluntary muscle. attached by tendons to the bones of the skeleton.
Term
Smooth (visceral) muscle
Definition
the cells lack striation.
Term
Neuron
Definition
is a specialized cell that contains dendrites, an axon, and cell body.
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
also called epithlium, consists of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer.
Term
Subcutaneous layer
Definition
sometimes called the hypodermis, found between the skin and any underlying structures, such as muscle or bone.
Term
Epidermis
Definition
made up of stratified epithelium.
Term
Dermis
Definition
a region of dense fibrous connective tissue beneath the epidermis.
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
the thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by a horizontal muscle
Term
Mucous Membranes
Definition
lines the tubes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems
Term
Serous Membranes
Definition
line and support the lungs, the heart, and the abdominal cavity and its internal organs
Term
Synovial Membranes
Definition
composed only of loose connective tissue line the cavities of freely movable joints.
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
mechanism present when the output of the system resolves or corrects the original stimulus
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
a mechanism that brings about an increasing change in the same direction.
Term
Mitosis
Definition
begins when the fertilized egg starts dividing, ensures that every cell has 46 chromosomes. duplication of cells from a parent cell
Term
Sister Chromatids
Definition
the enlargement of a pair of chromosomes shows that in dividing cells each chromosome is composed of two identifying parts
Term
Centromere
Definition
the function of holding the chromatids together until a certain phase of mitosis
Term
Cell Cycle
Definition
an orderly process that has two parts: interphase and cell division
Term
Interphase
Definition
a majority of the cells life is spent in interphase; carry out the normal duties of making protien
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
division of the cytoplasm
Term
Prophase
Definition
visibly indicates the cell wants to divide; the centrosomes outside the nucleus have duplicated, and they begin moving away from one another towards opposite ends of the nucleus.
Term
Diploid/Haploid
Definition
Diploid: full number of chromosomes
Haploid: half number of chromosomes.
Term
Parent/Daughter Cells
Definition
Parent: the original Cell
Daughter: after mitosis, the two new cells
Term
Centrioles
Definition
short cylinders of microtubules that are present in centrosomes
Term
Metaphase
Definition
the nuclear envelope is fragmented and the spindle occupies the region formerly occupied by the nucleus
Term
Anaphase
Definition
the centromeres uniting the sister chromatids divide.
Term
Telophase
Definition
begins when the chromosomes arrive at the poles. Chromosomes become indistinct chromatin.
Term
Cleavage Furrow
Definition
a slight indentation passes around the circumference of the cell.
Term
Meiosis
Definition
reductions division. Meiosis involves two divisions, so there are four daughter cells. Each daughter cell has one of each type of chromosome and half the chromosomes of the parent cell.
Term
homologous chromosomes
Definition
they look alike and carry genes for the same traits, such as hair color and eyes.
Term
Fertilization
Definition
restores the diploid number of chromosomes in the zygote.
Term
Spermatogenesis
Definition
the production of sperm in males
Term
Oogenesis
Definition
the production of eggs in females
Term
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Definition
genetic material; form of a double helix;
Term
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Definition
made up of nucleotides containing sugar ribose.
Term
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Definition
produced in the nucleus, where DNA serves as a template for its formation
Term
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Definition
produced using a DNA templatein the nucleolus of the nucleus.
Term
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Definition
is produced in the nucleus, and a portion of DNA also serves as a template for its production
Term
Codon
Definition
the genetic code corresponds to a three base sequence in the mRNA molecule. each codon represents an amino acid.
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