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Pathology
Exam 1
122
Pathology
Professional
09/05/2012

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the literal definition of pathology?
Definition
Study of suffering
Term
What is an etiology?
Definition
Cause of disease
Term
What is an example of intrinsic etiology?
Definition
Genetic
Term
What is the pathogenesis of a disease?
Definition
Mechanism
Term
What is the N:C ration of differentiated cell? Undiff.?
Definition

Diff. - low N:C

Undiff. - High N:C

Term
Hyaloplasm?
Definition
Fluid portion of cytoplasm
Term
How does the number of mitochondria per cell increase?
Definition
When a cell becomes more complex
Term
Where are steroid hormones synthesized?
Definition
Smooth E.R.
Term
Where is the site of protein synthesis?
Definition
Rough E.R.
Term
Which size of golgi is continuous with E.R. (concave or convex)
Definition
Convex
Term
Where are glycoproteins and lipoproteins formed?
Definition
Golgi
Term
What is a secondary lysosome?
Definition
A primary lysosome + vesicles from cell membrane
Term
What is the ground substance of cytoplasm?
Definition
Hyaloplasm
Term
What is a result of having a more acidic environment in the body?
Definition
Metabolism slows
Term
What is the result of Rough E.R. fragmentation and degranulation
Definition
decreased protein synthesis
Term
What happens when the mitochondria swells?
Definition
Less energy
Term
Can a cell recover from heavy toxins?
Definition
No
Term
What is pyknosis?
Definition
Condensation of chromatin
Term
What is karyorrhexis?
Definition
Fragmentation of nuclues
Term
What is karyolysis? How does this occur?
Definition
Dissolution of nuclear structure. Lysis of chromatin by DNAase or RNAase
Term
What is an indirect toxic effect?
Definition
Metabolite becomes activated into a free radical
Term
What does it mean for a virus to be directly cytopathic?
Definition
Invades cells and kills from within
Term
What is the relation between functional deficit and atrophy?
Definition
Directly proportional
Term
What term refers to the decrease in size of cell, tissue, organ or organism
Definition
Atrophy
Term
How does physiological atrophy occur and what does it involve?
Definition
occurs with age and involves the entire body
Term
What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
Definition

trophy - enlargement of individual cells

plasia - increase in the number of cells

Term
Where does pure hypertrophy occur?
Definition
Striated and cardiac muscles
Term
What causes hypertrophy of the heart?
Definition
Adaptation to increased workload
Term
What is hyperplasia the result of? (3)
Definition
hormonal stimulation, chronic injury, preneoplasia
Term
What is metaplasia?
Definition
Change of one cell type into another
Term
What is dysplasia?
Definition
disorderly arrangement of cells
Term
What is the result of progressed metaplasia?
Definition
Dysplasia
Term
What is the difference between endogeneously and exogenously programming?
Definition
Endo - pre programmed

Exo - result of cell damage
Term
What is significant about the organelles after apoptosis?
Definition
They are still functional
Term
What happens to the cell membrane in necrosis, what is the result?
Definition
Cell membrane ruptures making organelles not functional
Term
What is the most common form of necrosis? What parts of the body are involved
Definition
coagulative, solid internal organs
Term
Which type of necrosis allows structure to retain form/firmness
Definition
coagulative
Term
What type of necrosis most often occurs in the brain?
Definition
liquefactive
Term
What type of necrosis is the result of tuberculosis? What is the appearance?
Definition
Caseous and yellow-white and cheesy
Term
What type of necrosis uses lipolytic enzymes?
Definition
Fat necrosis
Term
What is the term for bacterial infections of coagulated tissue?
Definition
Wet gangrene
Term
What term refers to mummified necrotic tissue?
Definition
Dry gangrene
Term
What term refers to free ribosomes
Definition
polysomes
Term
Where are the proteins for excretion found?
Definition
Rough E.R.
Term
What is the distinct structure of the hyaloplasm?
Definition
Trick question, there is none
Term
What part of the cell contains organelles?
Definition
Hyaloplasm
Term
What type of stimulation is used in T-lymphocytes and IL-2?
Definition
Autocrine
Term
What type of stimulation is used for neuroendocrine cells and chief cells? (Gastrin ---> HCL)
Definition
Paracrine
Term
What type of stimulation is this example (epo from kidney stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC's)
Definition
Endocrine
Term
Where does homeostasis occur with respect to cell tissue?
Definition
In and around
Term
How are reversible cell injury and homestasis related?
Definition
Cellular response must be in homeostatic range for injury to be reversible
Term
When a cell swells, what actually occurs?
Definition
Water enter hyaloplasm and mitochondria swells
Term
Cellular swelling, influx of H2O into cell, excess Na+/Cl- into cell, ATPase dysfunction, can all cause what to occur?
Definition
Energy deprivation
Term
What are the 5 signs of inflammation? What does each mean
Definition
Calor (heat), Rubor (Redness), Tumor (Swelling), Dolor (Pain), Functio laesa (Disturbed function)
Term
What does the circulatory response do to the capillary network?
Definition
Floods it
Term
Describe circulatory response (arterioles)
Definition
relaxation of precapillary sphincter in arterioles
Term
What does a gap do in respect to permeability?
Definition
increases it
Term
What is the difference between plasma and cell-derived chemical mediators?
Definition
Plasma- must be activated
Cell-derived- may be stored or synthesized
Term
Where is histamine released from? Who occurs when histamine is released?
Definition
Released from platelets, basophils, mast cells

Histamine contracts venule endothelial cells
Term
How are bradykinin and histamine related? What does bradykinin do?
Definition
Similar but bradykinin is slower

Bradykinin incites pain
Term
Where do arachidonic acid derivatives come from?
Definition
Phospholipids
Term
What does the lipoxygenase pathway form and what does this do?
Definition
leukotrienes which are substances of anaphalaxis
Term
What does the cyclooxygenase pathway form?
Definition
prostaglandins
Term
What are the primary mediators of acute inflammation?
Definition
polymorphonuclear neutrophils
Term
How do PMNS work?
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
What do platelets help stimulate?
Definition
Blood clotting
Term
What reacts with basophils in allergic reactions and is also the inflammatory response to parasites?
Definition
Eosinophils
Term
What participates in inflammatory response, becomes mast cells, and is IgE in allergic reactions?
Definition
Basophils
Term
What are the precursors to macrophages?
Definition
monocytes
Term
What is the most abundant WBC
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
What are the mediators of inflammation called and who secretes them?
Definition
Cytokines

macrophages
Term
What are serous inflammations?
Definition
Blisters and mild viral infections
Term
What are fibrinous inflammations?
Definition
strep throat, bacterial pneumonia and pericarditis
Term
What are purulent inflammations caused from?
Definition
Pus-forming bacteria
Term
Pus + Fibrin =
Definition
fibrinopurulent
Term
What is a localized collection of pus
Definition
abcess
Term
Regarding ruptures of abcesses, what is a sinus and fistula?
Definition
sinus- abcess to skin

fistula- abcess between cavities or cavity to skin
Term
What is an empyema?
Definition
accumulation of pus in formed cavity
Term
Ulcerative inflammation + fibrinopurulent exudation =
Definition
Pseudomembranous inflammation
Term
Describe the lifespan of labile, stable, and permanent cells
Definition
labile - continuously dividing throughout lifetime
stable - need stimulus to divide
permanent - non dividing
Term
What are keloids? What are they caused by? What is there an abundance of?
Definition
excess scar formation cause by defective remodeling which a great abundance of type III collagen
Term
What is the difference between type III and type I collagen?
Definition
III - immature, temporary
I - common form
Term
What mediates cell mediated immunity?
Definition
T-lymphocytes
Term
What does humoral immunity produce and what is it mediated by?
Definition
produces antibodies, mediated by B-lymphocytes
Term
What do B-lymphocytes differentiate into? What can these produce?
Definition
Differentiate into plasma cells which can produce immunoglobulins
Term
Which is the largest Ig? What is significant about this?
Definition
IgM, First to appear after immunization, does not cross the placenta
Term
What is the most abundant Ig? What is significant?
Definition
IgG Initial exposure is small, but booster shot is more
Term
What is the term for incomplete antigen?
Definition
Hapten
Term
Which lymphocyte must an antigen be presented to?
Definition
B-lymphocyte
Term
Which immune response is stronger primary or secondary? What is significant about the stronger event?
Definition
Secondary

Anamnestic reaction
Term
Where do antigens bind to on antibodies?
Definition
F-ab portion
Term
Describe Type I hypersensitivity?
Definition
IgE bound to Fc receptor of mast cells and triggers release of histamine which increases blood vessel permebility.

Anaphylactic and allergy type
Term
What is hemolytic anemic? Goodpastures syndrome?
Definition
Hemolytic - RBC recognized as foreign
Goodpasture- autoantibodies to collagen type 4
Term
What is type 3 sensitivity mediated by? What type of diseases occur?
Definition
The formation of immune complexes in circulation

Systemic diseases
Term
Describe type 4 hypersensitivity? What diseases occur?
Definition
cell mediated or delayed immune reaction

Contact dermatitis, transplant rejection, MS, Type 1 diabetes
Term
What is an autograft? Xenograft? Isograft? Homograft?
Definition
Auto- patient is donor and recipient
Xeno- different species
Iso- identical twins
Homo- same species different person
Term
What immune reaction is a graft vs host? What is graft vs host? Why?
Definition
Type 4 (cell mediated). Donor cells attack recipient tissue because recipient is immunocompromised
Term
If a person is D/d or D what does that mean in respect to Rh?
Definition
Rh positive
Term
Describe SLE?
Definition
Complexes deposit into membranes, activate complement, inflammatory reaction
Term
What is neoplasia?
Definition
Uncontrollable growth
Term
What are the 3 characteristics of neoplasic proliferation?
Definition
Autonomous- dont respond to growth factors
Excessive
Disorganized
Term
What is the state of differentiation with a benign tumor?
Definition
High degree of diff.
Term
What is anaplasia?
Definition
New features, which don't resemble tissue of origin
Term
What is the N:C ration in a benign tumor? Malignant?
Definition
Benign- low N:C ratio

Malignant- high N:C ratio
Term
Compare and contrast chromosome structures between benign and malignant cells?
Definition
Benign- normal

Malignant- abnormal # chromosomes, structural abnormalities
Term
What specialized functions can one find in a malignant cell?
Definition
Trick question, none
Term
What type of tumors end in -oma?
Definition
benign mesenchymal
Term
What type of tumors end in -adenoma?
Definition
benign tumors of epithelial cells
Term
Tumors ending in -sarcoma?
Definition
malignant mesenchymal
Term
Tumors ending in -carcinoma?
Definition
malignant epithelial
Term
tumors ending in -adenocarcinoma?
Definition
malignant glands or ducts
Term
Tumors ending in blastoma?
Definition
Malignant embryonic cells
Term
Tumors ending in teratoma?
Definition
benign OR malignant tumor of germ cells
Term
Difference between tumor staging and grading. Which is better for predicting?
Definition
Staging- slinical assessment of extent of spread

Grading- based on histologic examination of tumor

Staging has more predictive value than grading
Term
What is the biochemistry of malignant tumors?
Definition
simpler metabolism, better adaptation to survival
Term
How do chemical carcinogens initiate?
Definition
liver enzymes and irreversible DNA changes
Term
How do DNA viruses spread?
Definition
integrate directly into genome of infected cell
Term
How do RNA viruses spread?
Definition
Reverse transcriptase
Term
What is HTLV-1?
Definition
infects t-lymphocytes in vitro and transforms them into malignant cells
Term
What does dysregulation result in?
Definition
Neoplasia
Term
What do protooncegenes normally encode?
Definition
Proteins
Term
What is cachexia?
Definition
wasting, weakness, weight loss
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