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the perceptual experience of one sense that is evoked by another sense
music notes-color
letters- colors |
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| simple awareness due to the stimulation of a sense organ |
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takes place at the level of your brain
the organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation |
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| the conversion, by sensors in the body, of phycical signals from the environment into neural signals sent to the CNS |
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| methods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observer's sensitivity to that stimulus |
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the minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus 50% of the time
worked out by Fechner
(a boundry)
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| just noticeable difference |
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| the minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be etected |
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| response to stimulus depends both on a person's sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a person's response criterion |
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| the just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity |
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| sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current conditions |
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| sensation and perception: |
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| are related but separate events |
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| the minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus is called the: |
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| Dr. Gonzalez, a radiologist, uses a very liberal criterion when she reads mammograms. She recommends a biopsy or every possible case of cancer. This decision strategy: |
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| maximizes the chances of missing a true cancer and also leads to many false alarms |
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| the ability to see fine detail |
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| eye ball is too long, images are focused in front of the retia, leading to nearsightedness |
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| the length of a wave determines |
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| the amplitude of a light wave determine: |
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| the number of wavelenths that make up light; purity determines |
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| saturation or richness of color |
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light sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball
where the image appears upside down and backward |
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| the process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina |
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| if you dive into cold water, the temperature seems chilling at first, but after a few minutes you don't notice it. This is an example of: |
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| if the eye ball is too short, images are focused behind the retina, and the result is farsightedness |
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| photoreceptors that dectect color, operate under normal daylight conditions, and allow us to focus on fine detail |
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active sensory relay station
helps regulate consciousness
-ofaction |
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| photreceptors that become active only under low-light conditonsfor night vision |
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| an area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all |
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| an area of the retina that contains neither rods nor cones and therefore has no mechanism to sense light |
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| collect neural signals from the rods and cones and transmit them to the outermost layer of the retina (retinal ganglia cells) |
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| organize the signals and send them to the brain |
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specialized neurons that signla the brain's visual centers through their bundles of RGC axons
the optic nerve creates the blind spot
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| the region of the sensory surface that, when stimulated, causes a change in the firing rate of that neuron |
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| increases its firing rate when the receptive field is stimulated by light in the central area but decreases its firing rate when the light strikes the surrounding area. |
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| decreases its firing rate when its receptive field is stimulated by light in the central area but increases its firing rate when the light strikes the surrounding area |
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each cone absorbs light over a range of wavelengths, but its pigment type is especially sesitive to visible wavelengths that correspond to
Small: bue
medium: green
Large: red
(primary colors of light) |
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white surface reflects all colors
red, blue, green
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| the skin reflects the light waves that we perceive as yellow but absorbs the wavelengths that we perceive as shades of blue to green and those that make us see red |
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works by removing light from the mix
when all combined=black
red, blue, yellow
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color blindess, a genetic disorder in which one of the cone types is missing
sex linked-males |
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| staring too long at one color fatigues the cones that respond to that color, producing a form of sensory adaptation |
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| the part of the occipital lobe that contains the prmary visual cortex |
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| lateral geniculate nucleus |
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| the optic nerve ravels from each eye to this, located in the thalamus. |
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| objects in the R visual field stimulate the: |
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| objects in the left visual field stimulate the |
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| right half of each retina |
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| half the nerve fibers from each eye cross at the: |
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| the left half of each optic nerve, representing the right visual field, runs through the brain's ___ hemisphere via the thalamus |
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| information from the left visual field ends up in the |
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even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistent
you can reconize images from multiple angles |
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| gestalt perceptual grouping rules |
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govern how the features and regions of things fit together
whole > collection of separate parts
simplicity, closure, continuity, similarity, proximity, common fate |
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aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye
linear perspective
texture gradient
interposition
relative height in the image |
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the difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provides information about depth
why we see in 3-D |
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illusion room is trapezoidal
misleading view with two eyes, but with one eye a normal size-distance relationship
by albert ames |
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| the perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations |
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gestalt grouping rule
people percieve a series of flashing lights as a whole |
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a motion aftereffect
you see an upward motion when you look at stationary objects after you stare at the waterfall for a while |
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| The correct sequence of eye parts that light passes through on its way to the brain: |
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| cornea, pupil, lense, retina |
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| objects in your peripheral vision are less clear because light reflecting from these objects has a hard time landing in |
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| color deficiency (also called color blindness) is a result of a disorder in |
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| one type of cone is missing |
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| the hypothesis that specialized brain areas detect and represent various object categories is called |
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when confronted with two or more possible interpretations of an object's shape, we tend to select the most likely interpretation
rule: |
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| changes in air pressure unfolding over time |
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| frequency corresponds to ___ in hearing |
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| amplitude corresponds to our perception of ___ in hearing |
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| complexity corresponds to our preception of ____ in sound |
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timbre (complexity)
the listeners experience of sound quality or resonance
pure tone-simple |
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| a fluid-filled tube that is the organ of auditory transduction |
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| a structure in the inner ear that undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid |
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| specialized audiotry receptor nuerons embedded in the basilar membrane |
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| a portion of the temporal lobe tat contains the primary auditory cortex |
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| the cochlea encodes different freqencies at diferent locations along the basilar membrane |
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| the cochlea encodes different frequencies at different locations along the basilar membrane |
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| a portion of the temporal lobe tat contains the primary auditory cortex |
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| the active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands |
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| the cochlea registers low frequencies via the firing rate of action potentials entering the auditory nerve |
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| as the number of cycles per second of sound wave increases we experience a ___ sound |
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| the fluid filled tube that is the organ of auditory transduction is the __ |
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| the place code works best for encoding |
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| the feeling of pan when sensory information from internal and external areas converge on the sme nerve cells in the spinal cord |
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| a theory of pain perception based on the idea that sinals arriving from pain receptors in the boy can be stopped, or ggated. by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from two directions |
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| the three fluid-filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear |
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| olfactory receptor neurons |
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| receptor cells that initiate the sense of smell |
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| which part of the body occupies the greatest area in the somatosensory cortex? |
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| which is an example of referred pain? |
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| a heart attack victim feels pain radiating from the left arm |
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| a mismatch between the imformation processed by visual feedback and vestibular cues can cause: |
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| a brain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes |
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| biochemical ordorants emitted by other members of their species that can affect an animals' behavior or physiology |
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| the organ of taste transduction |
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| the correct sequence of transmission for the sense of smell |
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| olfactory receptor neurons; olfactory bulb; olfactory nerve |
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| an infant can identify the smell of its mother's breast from the smell of other mothers this is likel to be due to |
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| people lose about half their taste buds by the time they turn |
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