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Evolution
UCB Evolution Sp 2010
62
Biology
Undergraduate 2
04/08/2010

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Term
Aristotle
Definition
idea of fixed species that were part of the scala naturae
Term
Linnaeus
Definition
developed binomial system used to classify organisms
Term
Darwin & Wallace's Theory of Evolution
Definition
descent with modification & natural selection
Term
Buffon, Lamarch & Erasmus Darwin
Definition
concept of species' ability to change
Term
Humboldt & Hooker
Definition
biogeography (distribution of species across the globe)
Term
Malthus
Definition
population pressures & idea that populations will run out resources before they stop overproducing offspring
Term
Hutton & Lyell
Definition
gradual geological change and uniformitarianism
Term
Cuvier
Definition
well-studied fossils and extinct species
Term
Huxley, Owen & Saint-Hillaire
Definition
comparative anatomy & embryology
Term
Finches
Definition
on the Galapagos Island, good example of adaptive radiation, under Darwin's care
Term
Sarawak Law
Definition
Every species has come to existence coincident both in time and space with a pre-existing, closely related allied species
Term
Variation
Definition
condition for natural selection; individuals within a population have different phenotypes
Term
Inheritance
Definition
condition for natural selection; offspring inherit traits from their parents which is a mix of both parents' traits
Term
Competition
Definition
condition for natural selection; more offspring are produced than can survive
Term
Artificial selection
Definition
nature selects for the traits that allow organisms to survive and reproduce better
Term
Biogeography
Definition
species that occur on islands are often closely related to species on the nearby mainland
Term
Homology
Definition
variations on a structure present in a common ancestor
Term
Homoplasy
Definition
similar structures/functions that originated from different ancestors and converged
Term
Vestigal structures
Definition
remnants of structures that were used for one function in an ancestor but are no longer used for that function
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
not like descent with modification; it's a process; reason that lineages exist
Term
Descent with modification
Definition
a result of natural selection; multiple branches with diverging phenotypes
Term
systematics
Definition
science of estimating phylogenies
Term
cladograph
Definition
shows how different groups of organisms are related
Term
phylogeny
Definition
shows how different groups of organisms are related and has times that each of these organisms existed
Term
character
Definition
characteristic/trait
Term
character state
Definition
what an organism has for that trait
Term
clade
Definition
monophyletic group (all entities descended from the same common ancestor)
Term
taxon
Definition
group by shared, derived traits
Term
paraphyletic group
Definition
some but not all taxa are from a common ancestor
Term
polyphyletic group
Definition
taxa independently evolved analogous traits
Term
*parsimony
Definition
number of changes in a phylogeny should be minimized
Term
Previous Tree of Life
Definition
prokaryotes, protista, fungi, plants and animals
Term
Current Tree of Life
Definition
archaea, bacteria, eukarya
Term
Mendel's Principles
Definition
alleles account for variation; offspring inherit 2 copies of parent genes; dominant alleles mask other phenotypes; 2 alleles for a trait split during meiosis
Term
population
Definition
randomly breeding group of individuals that is largely isolated from others
Term
Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions
Definition
random mating for gene/trait, large population size, no mutation/selection in population, no migration; if a population doesn't conform to HWE for a certain trait, evolution has occurred
Term
inbreeding
Definition
frequency of homozygotes increases and frequency of heterozygotes decreases; matching alleles
Term
genetic drift
Definition
allele frequency fluctuation from one generation to the next increases in small populations; can result in a loss of variety across entire genome over time
Term
polymorphism
Definition
loss of variety across the entire genome over time
Term
Bottleneck Effect
Definition
severe decrease in size can be caused by disease, habitat loss, overharvesting leading to insufficient resources or climate change
Term
Founder Effect
Definition
similar to bottleneck; a small population of species moves to a new habitat; there is reduced genetic diversity in the new population and a rapid change in allele frequency for high potential of divergence and speciation (ex. human colonization)
Term
mutation
Definition
DNA that's replicated in meiosis isn't perfect and produces copy errors
Term
Somatic Cell line
Definition
cells that make up your body so mutations in those cells aren't passed onto the next generation
Term
Germ Line
Definition
mutations are passed on in the gametes
Term
Point mutation
Definition
alteration in the nucleotide coding sequence
Term
Gene regulation
Definition
region controlling gene regulation and expression is altered
Term
Gene copy number error
Definition
gene is copied more than it should be so that the genome has multiple copies of the same gene
Term
Chromosome number & structure
Definition
during meiosis, a gamete receives too many/too few chromosomes or a chromosome is damaged
Term
introns
Definition
transcribed but not translated
Term
exons
Definition
mRNA for protein translation
Term
migration
Definition
movement that will result in gene flow or the movement of genes from one place to another
Term
fitness
Definition
individual's ability to produce viable and fertile offspring
Term
directional selection
Definition
individuals at either extreme have a lower fitness/probability of surviving. The curve is pushed to the side that it favors
Term
disruptive selection
Definition
middle individuals are selected against so individuals on each extreme do better. if the next generation produces offspring randomly, it'll go back to its original curve
Term
stabilizing selection
Definition
both phenotypic extremes don't do well so the middle phenotype increases in frequency. The generation after this will produce a generation similar to the original curve.
Term
Good Genes Hypothesis
Definition
certain traits are linked to other traits that allow for increased selection and survival
Term
Sensory Bias
Definition
the same existing preferences being exploited by the males to increase their mating potential
Term
intrasexual
Definition
male-male competition for females; often results in body size sexual dimorphism
Term
sexual dimorphism
Definition
marked differences in appearance between males and females
Term
intersexual
Definition
males must show themselves to be genetically attractive to females
Term
monogamy
Definition
one male, one female; not always matched for life but always within a single breeding season
Term
intrasexual selection
Definition
male-male competition for females; often results in body size sexual dimorphism
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