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Exam 2 Material
Evolution
47
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
02/20/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Naturalists
Definition

students of animal life and structure

 

- began to doubt species were created separately

Term
Evolution
Definition
the gradual change of a species
Term
Evolution by Natural Selection
Definition

a theory that says evolution proceeds by differential success in reproduction

 

- proposed by Darwin and Wallace

Term
HMS Beagle
Definition
Darwin's boat that was taken to South America and Galapagos Island
Term
Turtles and Finches in the Galapagos Islands
Definition
What Darwin studied to prove evolution
Term
Suffering from a fever and delusional
Definition
How Wallace got the idea of evolution
Term
1. Reproduction will increase a population rapidly unless factors limit it
2. Individuals of a species are not identical
3. Some variation is inherited
4. Not all offspring survive to reproduce
Definition
4 Things Darwin's hypothesis is based on
Term
Adaptations
Definition
variations in individuals that increase the likelihood of offspring
Term
Sexual Selection
Definition
each sex has anatomical and behavioral features that favor reproductive success
Term
Environmental Selection
Definition
adaptations that favor survival in the animal's environment
Term
Convergent Evolution
Definition

similarities in behavior or structure among unrelated animals due to adaptations to similar environments

 

Ex: birds and bats

Term
Homoplasy
Definition

the resemblance between features such as body shape due to convergent evolution

 

Ex: the wing bones of birds and bats

Term
Homology
Definition

a similarity based on common ancestry

 

Ex: the 3 arm bones of most mammals

Term
Analogy
Definition

structures used for similar function, even though they might not look alike

 

Ex: a human hand and an elephant's trunk

Term
Mutations
Definition

spontaneous changes in genes, a rapid form of evolution

 

- create variation

Term
Genetics
Definition

the study of the mechanisms of inheritance

 

- began with Mendel and DeVries

Term
Chromosomes
Definition
assemblies of DNA
Term
Genus
Definition
a group of species that resemble each other
Term
Species
Definition
a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Term
Genus and species

Ex: Homo sapien
Definition
the two names that make up the scientific name
Term
Linnaeus
Definition
created the first system of classification for living organisms
Term
Taxonomy
Definition
the classification of organisms
Term
DNA analysis
Definition
used to quantify the differences between species and estimate the divergence of species from a common ancestor through the rate of DNA decay
Term
1. Outstanding features, like sensory skill
2. Convenience
3. Comparison
4. Preservation (keeping species from becoming extinct)
5. Economic importance
6. Treatment of disease
Definition
6 reasons to study certain species
Term
Phylogeny
Definition
the evolutionary history of a particular group of organisms and may be represented as a family tree
Term
HVC (brain area that generates songs)
Definition
A strong correlation between repertoire size and what?
Term
the larger the brain area that controls it is

Ex: rat and whiskers; platypus and bill
Definition
the more you use something...
Term
True

- they differ in actual and relative size of regions
Definition
T or F: All mammals have the same main brain structures
Term
1. Develop from a dorsal neural tube
2. Bilateral symmetry
3. Segmentation
4. Hierarchical control
5. Separate peripheral and central systems
6. Localization of function
Definition
6 main features vertebrate nervous systems share
Term
Segmentation
Definition
means we have different vertebrae
Term
Hierarchical control
Definition
have a brain that controls the rest of the body
Term
Localization of function
Definition
certain areas of brain control certain functions
Term
Endocast
Definition

uses a skull to make a cast of the brain

 

- used to study evolution of the brain

 

- used for extinct animals

Term
1. Endocast
2. Living animals
Definition
2 methods to study evolution of the brain
Term
Encephalization Factor
Definition

a measure of brain size relative to body size

 

brain size/(body size)^0.69

Term
neocortex/isocortex
Definition
All mammals have a six-layered...
Term
1. Total body weights (elephants top)
2. Brain weight as % of body weight (shrews top)
- (brain wt./body wt.)*100
3. Encephalization factor (humans top)
- brain wt./(body wt.)^0.69
Definition
3 ways of evaluating brain size
Term
By prolonging the later stages of development
Definition
How have larger brains evolved?
Term
Australopithecines
Definition
hominids that made and used tools
Term
It reduced the necessity for large jaws and teeth, which became smaller

This led to more skull area being free for larger brains
Definition
What did tools do for hominids?
Term
Social Brain Hypothesis
Definition
suggests a larger brain is needed to maintain social relationships between similar individuals
Term
primates show a correlation between clique size and size of the cortex relative to overall brain size
Definition
Evidence of Social Brain Hypothesis
Term
- brains became larger and faces got smaller
- made elaborate tools
- used fire
- hunted
- expanded area over 3 continents
Definition
5 important changes of Homo erectus
Term
1. a long gestation period
2. prolonged dependence on parents
3. high metabolic cost
4. complex genes are vulnerable to mutation
Definition
4 costs of a large brain
Term
1. Increased survival and ability for group interaction (in humans)
2. Innovative behavior, use of tools, and social learning (in primates)
Definition
2 adaptive advantages of a large brain
Term
Evolutionary Psychology
Definition
studies how evolution might have shaped human behavior
Term
50,000 years ago
Definition
When did Homo sapiens colonize Europe and Asia?
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