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evolution
shs
106
Biology
Not Applicable
03/06/2005

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Term
evolution
Definition
a slow, gradual change - processes that have transformed life on earth from its earliest forms to all the diverse forms of today
Term
time
Definition
essential for evolution
Term
paleontology
Definition
study of fossils to reveal past life history
Term
essentialism
Definition
prefect world vs. real world
Term
catastrophism
Definition
major changes in the earths crust that are the results of catastrophic event
Term
natural theology
Definition
creator's plan could be revealed by studying nature - creator designed each species for a purpose
Term
natural theology
Definition
creator's plan could be revealed by studying nature - creator designed each species for a purpose
Term
gradualism
Definition
change is the result of a slow, cumulative, continuous process
Term
uniformitarianism
Definition
geological processes are uniform and have always occurred in earths history
Term
jean baptist lamarck
Definition
evolution by need to achieve perfection - inheritance of acquired traits
Term
use and disuse
Definition
used structures become larger, unused structures deteriorate
Term
thomas malthus
Definition
populations tend to "over produce" - only a fraction of a ppulation will survive
Term
charles darwin
Definition
evolution by natural selection
Term
galapagos islands
Definition
off the coast of south america - species of plants and animals similar to mainland
Term
biogeography
Definition
geographical distribution of species - islands usually have species similar to and closely related to the mainland island
Term
fossil record
Definition
provides a major outline of evolution by studying preserved remains of organisms - shows biogeography
Term
comparative anatomy
Definition
compare anatomical structures
Term
homogolous structures
Definition
structures in organisms that had similar framework - showing common ancestry (ex: bat wing and bird wing, human arm)
Term
vestigal organs
Definition
part of an animals body which is no longer used
Term
comparative embryology
Definition
compare embryological development
Term
"ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"
Definition
the development of an organism is a replay of the evolutionary history of the species
Term
molecular biology
Definition
evolutionary relationships are reflected in similar DNA and protein sequences
Term
selective breeding
Definition
breed organisms exhibiting the "best" traits
Term
pre-industrial revolution
Definition
tree bark light in color - light colored moths survived better than dark colored moths
Term
industrial revolution
Definition
pollution accumulated on tree bark turning it dark gray - dark colored moths dominate, few light moths survived
Term
post-industrial revolution
Definition
tree bark turned back to light color and moth population reversed
Term
gregor mendel
Definition
genetics/mutations
Term
modern evolutionary theory
Definition
importance of populations as units of evolution - natural selection is the primary mechanism of evolutionary change
Term
species
Definition
groupd of organisms that breed and form fertile offspring
Term
population
Definition
includes all the members of a species in a given area
Term
gene pool
Definition
the total of all the GENES in a population at any one time
Term
conditions for hardy-weinberg equilibrium
Definition
large population size, isolation from other other population (no immigration/emigration), no mutations, random mating, no natural selection
Term
hardy0weinberg theory
Definition
genetics of NONEVOLVING populations - frequency of alleles in a gene pool will remain constant unless acted upon by agents other than segregation and recombination during meiosis
Term
microevolution
Definition
evolution on a small scale (change in gene loci)
Term
genetic drift
Definition
change in gene pool as a result of CHANCE because population is small
Term
bottleneck effect
Definition
population is reduced
Term
founder effect
Definition
few individuals - colonies in new area
Term
gene flow
Definition
genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations
Term
mutations
Definition
spontaneous mutation rate = one in 10^5 of 10^6 gametes
Term
nonrandom mating
Definition
inbreeding and assortative mating
Term
assortative mating
Definition
individuals select partners that are like themselves
Term
balanced polymorhpism
Definition
natural selection maintains diversity in a population
Term
hybrid vigor
Definition
hybrid is selected over either pure dominant of recessive
Term
stabilizing selection
Definition
acts against the extreme phenotypes
Term
disruptive selection
Definition
favors extreme phenotypes
Term
directional selection
Definition
common - shifts phenotypes
Term
mechanical premating
Definition
structural differences prevent mating
Term
premating habitat
Definition
populations live in different habitats and do not meet
Term
temperal/seasonal premating
Definition
mating occurs at different seasons of times of the day
Term
premating behavior
Definition
no attraction between males and females
Term
gamete
Definition
female and male gamete do not attract each other and do not fertilize
Term
hybrid inviability (postmating)
Definition
hybrid fails to reach sexual maturity
Term
hybrid sterility (postmating)
Definition
hybrids do not produce functional gametes
Term
hybrid breakdown (postmating)
Definition
offspring of hybrids have reduced viability or fertility
Term
geographic barriers
Definition
physically separate species - if they experience different selective pressures they may evolve into new species
Term
sympatric speciation
Definition
formation of new species within the range within the range of the parents
Term
polyploidy
Definition
the possession of more than the normal 2 sets of chromosomes found in diploid cells
Term
autoploidy
Definition
same
Term
alloploidy
Definition
different
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
two species occupy areas that have similar environments - since they experience the same selective pressures, they come to resemble each other - can develop ANALOGOUS structures
Term
parallel
Definition
isolated species evolve of change in similar ways - continue to remain similar (marsupials and young mammals)
Term
divergent evolution
Definition
one species splits and each fraction different selective pressures - gradually evolve into different species
Term
adaptive radiation
Definition
single species in area - population - high competition - population fragments into different habitats
Term
coevolution
Definition
two or more populatons interact so closely that they evolve together
Term
symbiosis
Definition
close association between species which live togethher in direct contact
Term
mutualism
Definition
(+,+) both benefit (ex legume, lichen, termite)
Term
commensalism
Definition
(+,0) one benefits, one not harmed (ex remore fish and shark, barnacles and whale)
Term
paracitism
Definition
(+,-) one benefits, one is harmed (ex athlete's foot)
Term
cryptic coloration
Definition
camoflauge
Term
deceptive coloration
Definition
fake eyes, fake head
Term
aposmatic coloration
Definition
warning coloration (poisonous organisms)
Term
mimicry
Definition
species which imitate one another
Term
batesian mimicry
Definition
harmless species - imitates a harmful one
Term
mullerian mimicry
Definition
two harmful species imitate each other
Term
puncuated equilibrium
Definition
a new species changes msot as it buds from a parent species and then changes a little for the rest of its existence
Term
amber fossil
Definition
organisms preserved in sap, ice, or tar
Term
mold fossil
Definition
indentation in rock shaped like organism
Term
cast fossil
Definition
molds that get filled in
Term
petrification
Definition
technique used for fossils where dissolved minerals replace organic matter
Term
absolute dating of fossils
Definition
c^14 - half life 5600 years, for fossils < 50,000 years u^238 - half life 4.5 billion years
Term
relative dating of fossils
Definition
using fossils in rock layers (index fossil)
Term
sedimentary rocks
Definition
formed from the sand and mud that settles on the floors of seas, lakes, and oceans
Term
intermediate fossil
Definition
evolutionary link between one species and another
Term
transitional series
Definition
fossils that show a gradual series of change
Term
analogous structures
Definition
the similarity of structure between 2 species that are not closely related
Term
comparative embryology
Definition
evolutionary link based upon similar embryological development
Term
molecular biology
Definition
examines the mucleotide and amino acid sequences of DNA and proteins from different species
Term
DNA comparison
Definition
evolutionary link based upon similar nucleic acid sequences in DNA
Term
protein comparison
Definition
evolutionary link based upon similar amino acid structure found in proteins
Term
systemics
Definition
the study of the diversity of life/taxonomy
Term
phylogeny
Definition
study of the evolutionary history of the species
Term
phonetics
Definition
decides taxonomic relationships based on similarity and differences
Term
claudistics
Definition
evolutionary branches are based upon time factors alone
Term
classical evolutionary systemics
Definition
evolutionary branches are basde on both time and taxonomy
Term
embryology
Definition
similar stages in development among related species
Term
biogenesis
Definition
life comes from pre-existing life
Term
abiogenesis
Definition
life comes from non-living materials (today's atmosphere)
Term
spontaneous separation
Definition
life comes from non-living materials (primitive atmosphere)
Term
hydrogen
Definition
(primitive reductive) h2 - h2o (present oxidative)
Term
nitrogen
Definition
(primitive reductive) nh3 - n2 (present oxidative)
Term
oxygen
Definition
(primitive reductive) h2o - o2 (present oxidative)
Term
carbon
Definition
(primitive reductive) ch4 - co2 (present oxidative)
Term
al oparin and jbs haldane
Definition
molecules of the primitive atmosphere were unstable when exposed to high heat - the breakdown products waches into the sea - the breakdown products can recombine to corm coacervates
Term
stanley miller and harold urey
Definition
experimented to form organic molecules fromt he compounds found in the primitive atmosphere (amino acids, organic acids)
Term
early earth experiment
Definition
dripped organic monomers onto hot sand/rock/clay, which resulted in abiotic polymerization forming proteinoids
Term
protobiants
Definition
abiotically produced organic molecules that can be self-maintained in a stable environment
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