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Evolution - Exam 1
SLU - Evolution Exam 1
46
Biology
Undergraduate 3
05/06/2014

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Term
Science
Definition
Observation and classification of facts
Establishment of verifiable laws and theories.
Understanding general patterns

Does NOT produce absolute facts
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
Develop question >
Hypothesis( tentative, testable and falsifiable) >
Test (Retest) >
Change Hypothesis (if needed)
Term
Inductive Logic

Deductive Logic
Definition
Particulars to general.

General to particulars.
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
B:1809, ex-medical/ministry > HMS Beagle to SA > read
Malthus' "Essay on Populations" and Alfred R. Wallace's
"Essay on Variation" > "Origin of Species" 1859
Term
Darwinian Evolution
Definition
Excess offspring produced, most advantageous variations survive.
-Genetic Variation due to environmental variability.
-Natural Selection through predation and combat
-Sexual Selection through male competition and courtship)
Term
Catastrophism
Definition
Long periods of geological stability mixed with violent changes disrupting everything.
Term
Progressionism
Definition
(Fits with Catastrophism) post-catacylsm lives formed with higher complexity.
Term
Uniformitarianism
Definition
(Hutton, Lyell) Geologic and natural forces work uniformly.
Term
Fixity of Species
Definition
Species are divine, immutable creations.
Term
Factors Influencing Darwin
Definition
-Lyell's Book on Geology
- Evidence of Cosmic evolution
- Fossils
- Malthus' "Essay on Population"
- Artificial agricultural selection
- Lamarck's work
Term
Lamarck
Definition
Transmutable species dependent on environment.
Change of environment > change of needs > change of habits through process driven by "inner feeling"
Term
Modern Theory of Evolution (Vs Darwinian Evolution)
Definition
Origin of variation
Mechanisms maintaining variations
Significance of geographic isolation
Nature of Species
Term
Revised Darwinian Theory (Problems with Origin of Species)
Definition
Problems with original Origin of Species:
Intermediate forms?
Poor adaptations?
Instincts?
Hybrids
Term
Gould and Lewantin
Definition
"Panglossian Paradigm" - Mocking researchers' tendencies to use Natural selection to explain EVERY trait seen without good evidence.
Term
Endler (Criticisms of Studies into Natural Selection)
Definition
Natural Selection difficult to detect
Full fitness not estimated
Only accounts for few traits, unknown functions
Only portions of individual's lifetimes
Term
Phylogenetic Contraints
Definition
Evolutionary shift modification limited by existing designs.
Term
Mutation
Definition
Novel genetic change relative to parental genotype (Not from recombination in Meiosis)

Origin of variation within species
Term
Darwin's Blending Inheritance Theory problem
Definition
Genetic variations would be reduced 50% in each generation, as opposed to being maintained.
Term
Law of Segregation (First Mendelian Law)
Definition
Pairs separate from one other to form the genetic constitution of the gamete
Term
Principle of Independent Assortment (Second Mendelian Law)
Definition
Genes recombine at random, so progeny have potential of exhibiting all possible combinations.
- Genes assort randomly and independently
- The larger the distance between two genes, the more likely they are to behave like they're on separate chromosomes
Term
Geographic Isolation
Definition
- Allopatric Speciation (species diverge genetically due to physical divergence).
- Darwin didn't account of isolation
Term
Fitness
Definition
- Ability to leave viable progeny relative to others
- Measurable on individual, population, or genotype
Term
Transcription
Definition
DNA template to mRNA (using RNA Polymerase on Coding DNA strand)
Term
Translation
Definition
mRNA to Polypeptide protein (using Ribosomes)
Term
Frameshift Mutations
Definition
Point Mutation > Spontaneous Mispairing
- Slipped mispairing in the MIDDLE codon
Term
Chromosomal Rearrangements
Definition
Transposition - individual genes move locations
Translocation - segments move locations
Inversion - orientation of portion of genes reversed (does not effect gene expression
Term
Ionization Radiation
Definition
Point Mutation > DNA Damage
- high energy radiation absorbed, creating free radicals that break phosphodiester bonds in DNA helix
Term
UV Radiation
Definition
Point Mutation >DNA Damage
- UV radiation creates pyrimidine dimer that blocks replication, causing gaps which facilitates mutations
Term
Chemical Mutagens
Definition
Point Mutation >DNA Damage
- modify DNA bases, alter base-pairing behaviors
Term
Isomerization
Definition
Point Mutation >Spontaneous Mispairing
- base-pairs shift to alternative conformations structures so RNA polymerase picks incorrect pair into mRNA strand
Term
Slipped Mispairing (Deletion)
Definition
Point Mutation >Spontaneous Mispairing
- misalignment may cause portion of loop to be deleted
Term
Protein Electrophoresis
Definition
Underestimates level of genetic variability because it fails to detect 3rd Codon changes
(1,3,2 in rank of significance)
Term
Inbreeding
Definition
Increasing fixing (homozygosity), decreases heterozygosity
Independently doesn't change allele frequencies
Measured by comparing actual and expected number of heterozygous individuals
Inbreeding coefficient F=(Ho-H)/Ho
Term
Bottleneck Effect
Definition
Genetic Drift -
Type of Intermittent Drift - Shrinking to very small population
Term
Continuous Drift
Definition
Genetic Drift -
Population remains small for multiple generations
Term
Founder Effect
Definition
Genetic Drift -
When few individuals found new population, usually less varied than parent population.
Term
Genetic Drift
Definition
Alteration of genetic frequencies through sampling error.
As an isolated force, drift can cause evolution.
Term
Theory
Definition
Well substantiated, overarching explanation, based on large amounts of data, presented as a cohesive argument that explains the data
Term
Law
Definition
Statement of order or relation of phenomena under set of conditions
Term
Fact
Definition
Repeatedly confirmed observations
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
Testable statement that explains why something occurs.
Term
Neutral Theory of Evolution
Definition
- Majority of substitutions at molecular level caused by random fixation of neutral mutations
- Intraspecific variability is selectively neutral, and maintained by mutations and extinctions.
- Advatageous mutations but rarely so.
- Doesn't deny natural selection
Term
Kimura on Evolutionary Rates
Definition
Highest rate of Evolution when mutations are neutral.
Term
Dykhuizen-Hartl Effect
Definition
Latent selection potential of neutral variants are realized.
Term
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
Definition
Allele/ genotype frequencies will remain constant in the absence of mutation, selection, drift, flow, with random mating, and in a large population.
Term
Polyploids
Definition
Multiple sets of chromosomes
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