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Evolution Exam
Exam 5
52
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/24/2012

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Term
What did the Chinese and Greek believe about the origin of life?
Definition
life was created supernaturally and arranged simple to complex
Term
What did Plato and Aristotle say about life?
Definition
An ideal and perfect world exists (essence) in contrast to the apparently imperfect world. No need for change.
Term
What did the early church believe about life?
Definition
God's creation is perfect and unchanging with no species disappearing or changing
Term
What did the Enlightenment bring?
Definition
questioning of Biblical inerrancy
Term
What did George Cuvier do?
Definition
documented extinctions; opposed evolution; opposed flood; supported catastrophism; fossil record seemed to support different species over time (simpler on bottom)
Term
James Hutton
Definition
gradualism; slow continual progress that accumulate to a large effect
Term
Charles Lyell
Definition
uniformitarianism; same things happening now affected the past; conclusion: earth must be very old
Term
Thomas Malthus
Definition
populations can increase faster than food supply; "survival of the fittest"
Term
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Definition
acquired characteristics through use or disuse resulting in degeneration or development; passed on to offspring; disproven
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
naturalist; former clergy; took a voyage as a naturalist on the HMS Beagle (22 years old; 1831); similar but different species in different locations; fossil species similar to modern day species; island forms of species similar but different to mainland ones
Term
"Origin of Species"
Definition
Darwin; spent 23 years preparing; 1859; similar theory published by Alfred Wallace in 1858; Darwin receives credit due to thoroughness, not much data
Term
Darwin's acceptance
Definition
reluctant at first, no hard data; based on variation; accepted more 20 years later
Term
microevolution
Definition
small-scale genetic changes over short, observable time spans; involves small number of changes and no new information enters
Term
Macroevolution
Definition
large scale genetic changes over species level; over long time spans; involves new structures and abilities coming about by new information entering the system
Term
The Linnaean Lawn Model of Change
Definition
early church belief; young earth; every species created by God with no macro nor microevolution
Term
Phylogenic Tree Model of Change
Definition
naturalist or evolutionary viewpoint; theistic; God is absent or uninvolved in processes; unlimited macroevolution creating all taxa
Term
Creationist Orchard Model of Change
Definition
young earth; God created all KINDS; each kind diversified into what they are today; allows microevolution
Term
Irreducible complexity
Definition
Darwin's assertion that removing one part of a system may impair the entire system from functioning
Term
Formation of atmosphere
Definition
photolysis by sulfur bacteria to create H and O; photosynthesis to create O by cyanobacteria; made way for Eukaryotic life
Term
Continental Drift
Definition
continents float on magma; convection currents in the mantle move the plates;
Term
Upwelling
Definition
the rising of magma creates continental ridges; forces plates apart; spreading
Term
Subduction
Definition
one plate is pushed under another; volcanism
Term
Lateral rubbing
Definition
plates spread apart or rub up against each other; earthquakes
Term
Pangaea
Definition
the supercontinent that was formed when the whole world was once linked
Term
Laurasia
Definition
supercontinent that consisted of NA and Eurasia
Term
Gondwanaland
Definition
supercontinent consisting of India, SA, Africa, Australia, Antartica
Term
Meteorites
Definition
evident through iridium-rare on earth, common in meteorites; there are shock-metamorphosed minerals; craters
Term
Climate Change
Definition
climate cycles between glacial and warm periods; glacial periods tie up water as ice lowering sea level and vice versa; affect plant and animal distribution (land bridges)
Term
Mass Extinction
Definition
the large scale elimination of a large number of taxa over a short period of time
Term
Transitional Fossils
Definition
fossils found that are seen as evolutionary "missing links"; birds with teeth, etc.
Term
Species
Definition
kind
Term
Biological Species Concept (BSC)
Definition
group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that reproductively isolated from other such groups; excludes asexually
Term
hybridization
Definition
makes special boundaries murky;
Term
isolation
Definition
cannot directly evaluate geologically isolated populations because of gene flow
Term
Anagenesis
Definition
change of lineage over time; species change over time; not speciation
Term
Cladogenesis
Definition
split of one species into two different species over time; speciation
Term
Allopatric Speciation
Definition
a physical barrier separates subpopulations subverting gene flow; genetic divergence occurs; some genetic divergence creates reproductive isolation between the new species; most common in animals
Term
Parapatric Speciation
Definition
reproductive isolation develops between adjacent populations; gene flow not initially interrupted; selective environment differs resulting in genetic divergence; relatively uncommon
Term
Sympatric Speciation
Definition
reproductive isolation in a continuous population subdividing it; common in plants through polyploidy; different number of chromosomes so young cannot reproduce with parents; reproduce asexually
Term
Adaptive Radiation
Definition
diversification of a single species into multiple species that each adapt into an ecological niche
Term
Endemic Species
Definition
found in one location and no where else
Term
Prezygotic Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms
Definition
before fertilization; geographic- physical separation/barrier; temporal- same habitat but breed at different times; behavioral- courtship rituals prevent interbreeding; mechanical- physical incompatibility prevents interbreeding; chemical- sperm/egg interactions
Term
Postzygotic Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms
Definition
hybrid invariability- do not survive to maturity; hybrid sterility- no functional gametes (mules); reduced hybrid fitness- fewer and less successful offspring
Term
Hybrid zones
Definition
isolated (allopatric) populations begin to diverge genetically; partially diverged populations may reunite
Term
Outcomes of hybridization
Definition
fusion- morph into one species; divergence completed- no hybridization with two species; stable- two species with limited genetic exchange
Term
Environmentally induced variation
Definition
caused by environment the organism is present in; not heritable; allows individual to adapt;
Term
Genetically induced variation
Definition
caused by passing on of heritable traits; eye and hair color; necessary for evolution
Term
population
Definition
a group of individuals from the same species in one geological area
Term
gene pool
Definition
all of the genes in a population
Term
Genetic Equilibrium
Definition
stability in gene and genotype frequency over time;
Term
Evolution
Definition
change in gene or genotype frequency over time
Term
Conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium
Definition
no mutations; no migration; no genetic drift; no assortative mating; no selection
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